Introduction to SQL Server 2005/2008 and Transact SQL

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1 Introduction to SQL Server 2005/2008 and Transact SQL Week 2 TRANSACT SQL CRUD Create, Read, Update, and Delete Steve Stedman - Instructor Steve@SteveStedman.com

2 Homework Review Review of homework from last week Practice Use SSMS to explore the AdventureWorks database Read Books Online for Insert, Update, Delete, and Select Chapter 3 in "SQL Server 2005 Programming".

3 AdventureWorks Database Diagram A graphical representation of Adventureworks Generated using Microsoft Visio Very useful for finding data relationships

4 USE <database> and GO Avoiding common pitfalls USE AdventureWorks; Tells SSMS that all queries following this statment will be run against the AdventureWorks database GO Follows a set of statement to indicate the end of a batch GO 2 Indicates that the batch should be run twice

5 Creating the SQL_Class database A simple database to work in Load the SQL_Class_Database.sql from the Week 2 folder into SSMS Execute the script A new database with one table will be created

6 1. Simple Selects Basic Syntax SELECT TOP (expression) [percent] <column_names> FROM <table_name> WHERE <condition> ORDER BY <column_names>;

7 More About SELECT Retrieving Data SELECT SELECT is SQL keyword used to retrieve data from the database The SELECT statement is used to query the database and retrieve selected data that matches the criteria that you specify SELECT is the most common query to be run against the database

8 <column_names> and <tablename> Which data you want to retrieve The column names that follow the SELECT keyword determine which columns will be returned in your result set You can use * to access all of the columns The table name following the FROM keyword determine which table data is being pulled from Examples: SELECT * FROM HumanResources.Employee; SELECT EmployeeID, LoginID, Title

9 The WHERE Clause Which data you want to retrieve The WHERE clause is optional It specifies which data values or rows will be returned based on the criteria after the keyword WHERE Can contain multiple sets of criteria. Examples: SELECT * FROM HumanResources.Employee WHERE EmployeeID = 109;

10 The WHERE Clause: Conditionals More filtering options Conditional selections used in the where clause include the following = Equal > Greater than < Less than >= Greater than or equal <= Less than or equal <> Not equal to LIKE Use for Text comparison

11 The WHERE Clause: LIKE LIKE is used for pattern matching Is a very powerful operator that allows you to select only rows that are "like" what you specify The percent sign "%" can be used as a wild card to match any possible group of characters Examples: SELECT EmployeeID, LoginID, Title, ManagerID FROM HumanResources.Employee WHERE Title LIKE '%Specialist%';

12 WHERE Clause: Multiple Conditionals Filtering with multiple options Multiple conditionals can be combined to further filter your result set Use AND or OR to specify multiple conditions Examples: SELECT EmployeeID, LoginID, Title, ManagerID FROM HumanResources.Employee WHERE Title LIKE '%Specialist%' OR Title LIKE 'Vice President%';

13 ORDER BY... Ordering results Determines the order of a result set One or more column names are specified for sorting Sort order can be ASC or DESC Ascending or Descending Ascending is the default if not specified Example: SELECT EmployeeID, LoginID, Title, ManagerID FROM HumanResources.Employee ORDER BY Title;

14 Simple Selects Lab Project Using the table Person.Contact do the following: 1. Display the first name and phone number for everyone that's in the table 2. Display the first name, last name, and Address for everyone who has a last name that starts with A 3. Display the first and last names for everyone whose last name ends in an "ay" 4. Display all columns for everyone whose first name equals "Mary".

15 End of Topic SELECT Statements Simple Selects Any Questions Next Topic - Simple Inserts

16 Simple Inserts Adding data to the database INSERT INTO <tablename> (column list) VALUES (values to be inserted) The INSERT statement is used to insert or add a row to a table in the database.

17 Simple Inserts - Example Adding data to the database insert into employee (first, last, age, address, city, state, zipcode) values ('George', 'Anderson', 45, '123 Main Street', 'Bellingham', 'WA', 98225); First Specify the columns where the data will be placed Then specify the data to be placed into the columns

18 Inserting more than 1 row More INSERT The INSERT statement can have multiple sets of data to insert, comma seperated Example: INSERT INTO employee (first, last, age, address, city, state, zipcode) VALUES ('Mary', 'Anderson', 19, '123 Main Street', 'Bellingham', 'WA', 98225), ('Fred', 'Anderson', 22, '123 Main Street', 'Bellingham', 'WA', 98225);

19 Lab Project - INSERT Statement Adding data to the database Using the SQL_Class database do the following: Insert one person into the employee table Confirm that they have been inserted Insert three more people into the employee table using a single insert statement Confirm that the table now has 4 people in it

20 End of Topic - Simple Inserts 5 minute break Any questions? Next Topic - Simple Updates

21 Simple Updates Modifying data in the database UPDATE <tablename> SET columname = value,... WHERE... Use the update statement to change or update data that already exists in the database You can update one or more records with a single statement

22 UPDATE Example Updating all rows To update all rows in a table just don't include a WHERE clause Example: UPDATE employee SET Age = Age + 1;

23 UPDATE Example - WHERE clause Updating a subset of the rows in a table To update a subset of the rows in a table use a WHERE clause Example: UPDATE employee SET Last = 'Smith' WHERE First = 'Mary' AND Last = 'Anderson';

24 Lab Project - UPDATE Using what you have learned with the UPDATE statement Using the employee table in the SQL_Class database do the following George Anderson's birthday is today, add 1 to his age Insert a new person to the table Change the last name of the person that you added to the table to be Henderson

25 End of Section - UPDATES Technology Theme Any Questions? Next Topic - Simple Deletes

26 Simple Deletes Removing data from the database DELETE FROM <tablename> WHERE... The DELETE statement is used to delete records or rows from a table

27 Transactions A group of statements that can be undone or committed as one task BEGIN TRANSACTION COMMIT TRANSACTION ROLLBACK TRANACTION Example: BEGIN TRANSACTION; DELETE FROM employee; ROLLBACK TRANSACTION;

28 Simple DELETE Example Deleting all rows in a table To DELETE all rows in a table just don't include a WHERE clause Example: DELETE FROM employee;

29 Simple DELETE with a WHERE clause Deleting some rows in a table To DELETE specific rows in a table use a WHERE clause Example: DELETE FROM employee WHERE Last = 'Babbage';

30 Lab Project - DELETE Statements Using what you have learned with the DELETE statement Using the employee table in the SQL_Class database do the following Be sure to use a transaction BEGIN TRANSACTION; ROLLBACK TRANSACTION; -- undo changes Delete everyone from the table, view the table, and rollback your changes Delete those people from the table that are less than 30 years old, view the table, rollback your changes

31 End of Section - DELETE Any Questions Next Topic - Aggregating Data

32 Aggregating Data Introduction Perform calculations on a set of data and return a single value Aggregate functions are often used with the GROUP BY clause of a SELECT statement Examples Finding the average age of employees Counting the number of sales on specific order items Finding the maximum order value Summing salaries for a department Determining Standard Deviation and Variances

33 Aggregate Functions MIN returns the smallest value in a given column MAX returns the largest value in a given column SUM returns the sum of the numeric values in a given column AVG returns the average value of a given column COUNT returns the total number of values in a given column COUNT(*) returns the number of rows in a table

34 Aggregate samples Combining results into a set Using AVG, MIN, MAX, and COUNT SELECT AVG(Age) FROM employee; SELECT MIN(Age) FROM employee; SELECT MAX(Age) FROM employee; SELECT COUNT(*) FROM employee;

35 GROUP BY with Aggregates Combining results into a set and performing calculations on the groups GROUP BY gathers all of the similar rows that contain data in the columns in the GROUP BY clause Groups allow you to perform aggregate functions on the group Multiple aggregates can be performed on the group

36 GROUP BY with Aggregates samples Using AVG, MIN, and MAX with a GROUP BY clause SELECT Last, AVG(Age) FROM employee GROUP BY Last; SELECT Address, MIN(Age) FROM employee GROUP BY Address; SELECT First, MAX(Age) FROM employee GROUP BY First;

37 Last Weeks Overview Introduction to SQL Server and Transact SQL - Week 1 Introduction and Class Overview (Review Syllabus) Course Logistics - What to expect and what is expected Installing SQL Server 2008 SQL Server Management Studio Differences between SQL Server 2005 and SQL 2008 Introduction to SQL Books Online

38 Multiple Aggregates and Column Aliasing Using AVG, MIN, and MAX with a single GROUP BY clause Aliasing of the output renames the columns in the result set SELECT Last, AVG(Age) as 'Average Age', MIN(Age) as 'Minimum Age', MAX(Age) as 'Maximum Age', COUNT(*) as 'Count' FROM employee GROUP BY Last;

39 The OVER clause Used to define a subset in an aggregation The OVER clause can be used with aggregate and ranking functions Calculation defined over a window of rows Use PARTITION BY to apply the calculation per partition -- Non-partitioned SELECT SalesOrderID, TotalDue, TotalDue / SUM(TotalDue) OVER() as pct, TotalDue - AVG(TotalDue) OVER() as diff FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader; -- Partitioned SELECT SalesOrderID, TotalDue, TotalDue / SUM(TotalDue) over(partition BY CustomerID) as pct, TotalDue / AVG(TotalDue) over(partition BY CustomerID) as diff FROM Sales.SalesOrderHeader;

40 Lab Project - Aggregates and Grouping Using what you have learned with the Aggregates and grouping Using the AdventureWorks Database Using the HumanResources.Employee table count how many people work for each manager Then count how many men and how many women work for each manager Modify the men/women per manager query to sort by manager

41 End of Aggregates and Grouping Technology Theme Any Questions

42 TSQL - Weekly Tip - Randomization Using SQL Server to create random numbers RAND function is not really random, generating GUID's is random To generate a random value in the range of 1 through n 1 + ABS( CHECKSUM( NEWID() ) ) To sort rows randomly ORDER BY CHECKSUM( NEWID() ) Return top n Random rows ORDER BY CHECKSUM( NEWID() )

43 Next Two Weeks Technology Theme Week 3 Querying tables Join Syntax Advanced Joins Unions Sub-Queries Week 4 Overview of database design 1st, 2nd and 3rd normal form. Creating Tables Creating relationship SSRS Reporting Course Review and more...

44 Homework Introduction to SQL Server 2005/2008 and Transact SQL Homework for next week Practice See Handout Read "Professional SQL Server 2005" Chapter 6 or "Professional SQL Server 2008" Chapter 3

45 This Weeks Summary Introduction to SQL Server and Transact SQL - Week 2 Review of Last Week Homework Review AdventureWorks Database Diagram Selects Inserts Updates Delete Aggregating Data

46 Any Questions? End of Class

47 This Weeks Overview Introduction to SQL Server and Transact SQL - Week 2 Review of Last Week Homework Review AdventureWorks Database Diagram Selects Inserts Updates Delete Aggregating Data

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