Fundamentals of Operating Systems (COMP355/L) A Student's Manual for Practice Exercises

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1 Fundamentals of Operating Systems (COMP355/L) A Student's Manual for Practice Exercises Text Book: Operating System Concepts 9 th Edition Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne

2 Practice Exercises #1 Chapter 1 Introduction Page 2 Practice Exercises #1 Introduction STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: define an operating system, define the tasks of an operating system and its elements Questions 1. What is an operating system? 2. What are the operating system goals? 3. What are the main components of a computer system?

3 Practice Exercises #1 Chapter 1 Introduction Page 3 4. What are the three main purposes of an operating system? 5. We have stressed the need for an operating system to make efficient use of the computing hardware. When is it appropriate for the operating system to forsake this principle and to waste resources? Why is such a system not really wasteful? 6. What is the main difficulty that a programmer must overcome in writing an operating system for a real-time environment?

4 Practice Exercises #1 Chapter 1 Introduction Page 4 7. How does the distinction between kernel mode and user mode function as a rudimentary form of protection (security) system? 8. Which of the following instructions should be privileged? a. Set value of timer. b. Read the clock. c. Clear memory. d. Issue a trap instruction. e. Turn off interrupts. f. Modify entries in device-status table. g. Switch from user to kernel mode. h. Access I/O device. 9. Some early computers protected the operating system by placing it in a memory partition that could not be modified by either the user job or the operating system itself. Describe two difficulties that you think could arise with such a scheme.

5 Practice Exercises #1 Chapter 1 Introduction Page Some CPUs provide for more than two modes of operation. What are two possible uses of these multiple modes? 11. Timers could be used to compute the current time. Provide a short description of how this could be accomplished.

6 Practice Exercises #1 Chapter 1 Introduction Page Answer to the following questions: a. Give two reasons why caches are useful. b. What problems do they solve? c. What problems do they cause? d. If a cache can be made as large as the device for which it is caching (for instance, a cache as large as a disk), why not make it that large and eliminate the device?

7 Practice Exercises #2 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures Page 7 Assignment #2 Operating-System Structures STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: To describe the services an operating system provides to users, processes, and other systems To discuss the various ways of structuring an operating system To explain how operating systems are installed and customized and how they boot Exercises 1. What are the fundamental approaches for users to interface with the operating system. Explain these approaches briefly. 2. What is the purpose of system calls?

8 Practice Exercises #2 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures Page 8 3. What are the five major activities of an operating system with regard to process management? 4. What are the three major activities of an operating system with regard to memory management? 5. What are the three major activities of an operating system with regard to secondarystorage management?

9 Practice Exercises #2 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures Page 9 6. What is the purpose of the command interpreter? Why is it usually separate from the kernel? 7. What system calls have to be executed by a command interpreter or shell in order to start a new process? 8. What is the purpose of system programs?

10 Practice Exercises #2 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures Page What is the main advantage of the layered approach to system design? 10. List five services provided by an operating system, and explain how each creates convenience for users. In which cases would it be impossible for user-level programs to provide these services? Explain your answer.

11 Practice Exercises #2 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures Page Why do some systems store the operating system in firmware, while others store it on disk? 12. How could a system be designed to allow a choice of operating systems from which to boot? What would the bootstrap program need to do? 13. What is the bootstrap program?

12 Practice Exercises #2 Chapter 2 Operating-System Structures Page Operating systems provide an environment for execution of programs and services to programs and users. Fill in the following table with the appropriate OS service description. # Operating System Services Description 1. User interface 2. Program execution 3. I/O operations 4. File-system manipulation 5. Communications 6. Error detection 7. Resource allocation 8. Accounting 9. Protection and security

13 Practice Exercises #3 Chapter 3 Processes Page 13 Assignment #3 Processes STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: To introduce the notion of a process -- a program in execution, which forms the basis of all computation To describe the various features of processes, including scheduling, creation and termination, and communication To explore inter-process communication using shared memory and message passing Exercises 1. What is a process? 2. What are the main components of a process?

14 Practice Exercises #3 Chapter 3 Processes Page What is the difference between a program and a process? 4. What are the used technics for loading executable files? 5. What are the process states? 6. What is a process control block (PCB)?

15 Practice Exercises #3 Chapter 3 Processes Page A PCB contains many pieces of information associated with a specific process. State some of these pieces of information?

16 Practice Exercises #3 Chapter 3 Processes Page What is the objective of multiprogramming? 9. What is the objective of time sharing? 10. How the objective of time sharing can be met? 11. What is a job queue?

17 Practice Exercises #3 Chapter 3 Processes Page What is a ready queue? Where is stored? What does it contain? 13. What is a queueing diagram? Describe it briefly. 14. Describe process scheduling.

18 Practice Exercises #3 Chapter 3 Processes Page What is the difference between I/O-bound and CPU-bound processes? 16. How the number of the I/O-bound and CPU-bound processes should selected by the longterm scheduler? Justify your answer.

19 Practice Exercises #3 Chapter 3 Processes Page Fill in the following table with the words "high" or "low". Process Type Spent Time on I/O Spent Time on Computations I/O-bound process CPU-bound process

20 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page 20 Assignment #4 CPU Scheduling STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: introduce CPU scheduling, which is the basis for multiprogrammed operating systems describe various CPU-scheduling algorithms discuss evaluation criteria for selecting a CPU-scheduling algorithm for a particular system examine the scheduling algorithms of several operating systems Exercises 1. How many processes can run at a time in a single-processor system? 2. What is the objective of multiprogramming?

21 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page A process is executed until it must wait, typically for the completion of some I/O request. a. What happens in such situation in a simple computer system? b. What happens in such situation in a multiprogramming system? 4. Almost all computer resources are scheduled before use. The CPU is, of course, one of the primary computer resources. How scheduling is assured? 5. Process execution consists of some operations. a. What are they? b. How are they organized?

22 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page Let's consider the Histogram of CPU-burst durations depicted in the following figure: (Source: Operating System Concepts 9 th Edition) a. What is the type of the Histogram of CPU-burst durations? b. Describe short and long CPU bursts.

23 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page 23 c. Describe the distribution of short and long CPU bursts in I/O-bound and CPUbound programs. d. What is the importance of this distribution?

24 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page Let's consider the case when the CPU becomes idle. a. From where the operating system must select one of the processes? b. What is the role of short-term scheduler?

25 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page Under which circumstances, CPU-scheduling decisions may take place? When there is a choice for scheduling? 9. When can we say that the scheduling scheme is nonpreemptive or cooperative?

26 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page When can we say that the scheduling scheme is preemptive? 11. Explain nonpreemptive scheduling. 12. What are the disadvantages of preemptive scheduling? Give some examples.

27 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page What is a dispatcher? What are its functions? 14. What is a dispatch latency? 15. What are the criteria for comparing CPU scheduling algorithm?

28 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page Explain how the criteria for comparing CPU scheduling algorithm should be manipulated?

29 Practice Exercises #4 Chapter 4 CPU Scheduling Page What is CPU scheduling? 18. State the most important scheduling algorithms in a system with a single processor.

30 Practice Exercises #5 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 30 Assignment #5 Deadlocks STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: identify system resources, identify system resources types, define deadlock conditions Exercises 1. A system consists of a finite number of resources to be distributed among a number of competing processes. The resources are partitioned into several types. State some examples of these types. 2. A system consists of a finite number of resources to be distributed among a number of competing processes. The resources are partitioned into several types. State some examples of these types. Each consisting of some number of identical instances. State an example of these instances. 3. If a process requests an instance of a resource type, then the allocation of any instance of the type will satisfy the request. If it will not, then what can you conclude?

31 Practice Exercises #5 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page What are the events with which we are mainly concerned when we are with deadlocks? 5. When can we say that a set of processes is in a deadlock state? 6. What type of resources can we have in a system? 7. When a deadlock situation can arise?

32 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 32 Assignment #6 Deadlock Avoidance Safe State STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: define the conditions of safe and unsafe system apply the safe and unsafe conditions to examine and identify the state of the system (safe or unsafe), define deadlock conditions Reminder A state is safe if the system can allocate resources to each process (up to its maximum) in some order and still avoid a deadlock. More formally, a system is in a safe state only if there exists a safe sequence. A sequence of processes is a safe sequence for the current allocation state if, for each, the resource requests that can still be satisfied by the currently available resources plus the resources held by all, with. In this situation, if the resources that needs are not immediately available, then, can wait until all have finished. When they have finished, can obtain all of its needed resources, complete its designated task, return its allocated resources, and terminate. When, terminates, can obtain its needed resources, and so on. If no such sequence exists, then the system state is said to be unsafe. Exercises Figure 1 Safe, unsafe, and deadlock state spaces

33 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 33 Exercises 1. Consider a system with 12 magnetic tape drives and three processes:. The maximum needs by these processes is depicted in the following table. Suppose that, at time, these are holding number of tape drives depicted in this table (Thus, there are 3 free tape drives). Processes Maximum Needs Current Needs at Current Needs at a. Explain the state of the system (safe or unsafe) at time. Justify your answer and fill in the following table. Processes Maximum Needs Current Needs at Allocated Resources at Available Resources at Available Tapes: At time, the system is in state

34 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 34 b. System at time Suppose that, at time process requests and is allocated one more tape drive (3). Processes Maximum Needs Current Needs at Allocated Resources at Available Resources at Available Tapes: At time, the system is in state c. What can you deduce?

35 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 35 Exercises 2. Consider a system with 12 magnetic tape drives and three processes:. The maximum needs by these processes is depicted in the following table. Suppose that, at time, these are holding number of tape drives depicted in this table (Thus, there are 3 free tape drives). Processes Maximum Needs Current Needs at Current Needs at d. System at time At time, the system is in a safe state. The sequence satisfies the safety condition. Process can immediately be allocated all its tape drives and then return them (the system will then have 5 available tape drives); then process can get all its tape drives and return them (the system will then have 10 available tape drives); and finally process can get all its tape drives and return them (the system will then have all 12 tape drives available). Processes Maximum Needs Current Needs at Will need Available Resources after allocation (3-2)+4= (5-5)+10= (10-7)+9=12 Available Tapes: 3 The sequence t time, the system is in safe state e. System at time Suppose that, at time process requests and is allocated one more tape drive (3). Processes Maximum Needs Current Needs at Will need (max current) current Available Resources after allocation (available-wneed)+max (2-2)+4= needs 5 so cannot be satisfied needs 6 so cannot be satisfied Available Tapes: 2 The sequence t time, the system is in unsafe state

36 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 36 (*) The system is no longer in a safe state. At this point, only process, can be allocated all its tape drives. When it returns them, the system will have only 4 available tape drives. Since process, is allocated 5 tape drives but has a maximum of 10, it may request 5 more tape drives. Since they are unavailable, process must wait. Similarly, process may request an additional 6 tape drives and have to wait, resulting in a deadlock. f. What can you deduce? The mistake was in granting the request from process for one more tape drive. If we had made wait until either of the other processes had finished and released its resources, then we could have avoided the deadlock.

37 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 37 Assignment #7 Banker's Algorithm STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: Apply Banker's algorithm (Deadlock-avoidance algorithm) Apply Safety Algorithm for finding out whether or not a system is in a safe state Apply Resource-Request Algorithm which determines if requests can be safely granted. Exercises 1. Consider the following snapshot at for a system that has the following resources depicted in the following table: # of Instances Resource # of Instances And the following processes de depicted in the following table: Processes Current Allocation Maximum Need Current Need (Max- Current) Work+Allocation (According to sequence) (shown A B C A B C A B C in order) Total A B C Total F 3 T = F 4 T = F 2 T = F 1 T = Current Available = =102 Work=Available= 102 Current Available= =102 Work=Available=102

38 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 38 : =314 : =534 : =835 : =946 The system is safe at because there is a safety sequence 2. Can the request (1,0,1) by be granted at? Justify your answer. (True) ( (True) ( Available=Available- = =001 = - = =000 = = =313 Work=Available= 001 Processes Current Allocation Maximum Need Current Need (Max- Current) A B C A B C A B C (shown in order) Work+Allocation (According to sequence) Total A B C F 3 T = F 4 T = F 2 T = F 1 T = The request (1,0,1) by can be granted at because the system will remain safe. The safety sequence is

39 New Exercise Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page Consider the following snapshot at for a system that has the following resources depicted in the following table: # of Instances Resource # of Instances And the following processes de depicted in the following table: Processes Current Allocation Maximum Need Current Need (Max- Current) Work+Allocation (According to sequence) (shown A B C A B C A B C in order) Total A B C Total F F F F Current Available = =334 Work=Available= 334 Current Available= =102 Work=Available=102

40 Practice Exercises #6 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page requests [3,3,0] Processes Current Allocation Maximum Need Current Need (Max- Current) Work+Allocation (According to sequence) (shown A B C A B C A B C in order) Total A B C F F F F Total Current Available = =215 Work=Available= 215

41 Practice Exercises #7 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 41 Assignment #7 Resource-Allocation and Wait-for Graphs STUDENT LEARNING OUTCOMES: Upon completion of this assignment, a successful student will be able to: examine and investigate deadlock detection algorithms, identify the different used methods to detect deadlocks, apply deadlock detection algorithms and methods to determine the presence of deadlocks identify the conditions which should be provided in order to draw the corresponding wait-for graph use wait-for graph to determine the presence or the absence of deadlocks in a system Reminder Deadlock Detection Algorithm If all resources have only a single instance, then we can define a deadlock detection algorithm that uses a variant of the resource-allocation graph, called a wait-for graph. We obtain this graph from the resource-allocation graph by removing the resource nodes and collapsing the appropriate edges. As before, a deadlock exists in the system if and only if the wait-for graph contains a cycle. To detect deadlocks, the system needs to maintain the wait-for graph and periodically invoke an algorithm that searches for a cycle in the graph. An algorithm to detect a cycle in a graph requires an order of operations, where n is the number of vertices in the graph. 1. We propose that all resources have only a single instance, then we can define a deadlock detection algorithm that uses a variant of the resource-allocation graph, called a wait-for graph. a. What are the conditions which should be verified in order to draw this Resource-Allocation Graph the corresponding Wait-for Graph. b. If the conditions are verified, draw the corresponding Wait-for Graph c. Write the cycles. Observations Wait-For Graph (WFG) is the same as the RAG with the resource elements stripped out.

42 Practice Exercises #7 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 42 The cycles can be seen more clearly in this form of the graph. There is deadlock in the system if and only if there exists a cycle or a knot in the wait-for-graph. With about half the number of nodes and edges, the WFG requires only about half the storage of a SRAG. However, WFGs can only be used for SRAGs with single-instance resources. Resources for SRAGs can have any number of instances; However, one cannot create WFGs from these. Exercises 1. We propose the following resource-allocation graph, and we also propose that all resources have only a single instance. Resource-Allocation Graph a. State the conditions which should be provided in order to draw the corresponding wait-for graph?

43 Practice Exercises #7 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 43 b. If these condition are provided draw the corresponding wait-for graph? c. State the cycles if they exist. d. What can you conclude?

44 Practice Exercises #7 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page We propose the following resource-allocation graph, and we also propose that all resources have only a single instance. Resource-Allocation Graph a. State the conditions which should be provided in order to draw the corresponding wait-for graph? b. If these condition are provided draw the corresponding wait-for graph?

45 Practice Exercises #7 Chapter 5 Deadlocks Page 45 c. State the cycles if they exist. d. What can you conclude?

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