Unit 2 - Data Modeling. Pratian Technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd.

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1 Unit 2 - Data Modeling Pratian Technologies (India) Pvt. Ltd.

2 Topics Information Engineering Approaches to IS Developments SDLC Prototyping ER Modeling

3 Why Data Modeling?

4 Definition Information Engineering It is a data oriented methodology to create and maintain information systems

5 Steps to implement Information Engineering Planning Analysis Design Implementations

6 Two Approaches to Database and IS Development SDLC - System Development Life Cycle Detailed, well-planned development process Time-consuming, but comprehensive Long development cycle Prototyping Rapid application development (RAD) Cursory attempt at conceptual data modeling. Define database during development of initial prototype Repeat implementation and maintenance activities with new prototype versions

7 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Implementation Maintenance

8 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose --preliminary understanding Deliverable request for project Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity Enterprise modeling Implementation Maintenance

9 Enterprise Model In Enterprise data modelling Review current systems Analyze the nature of business areas to be supported Describe the data needed at a very high level of abstraction Plan one or more database development projects

10 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose state business situation and solution Deliverable request for analysis Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity conceptual data modeling Implementation Maintenance

11 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose thorough analysis Deliverable functional system specifications Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity conceptual data modeling Implementation Maintenance

12 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose information requirements structure Deliverable detailed design specifications Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity logical database design Implementation Maintenance

13 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose develop technology specs Deliverable program/data structures, technology purchases, organization redesigns Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity physical database design Implementation Maintenance

14 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose programming, testing, training, installation, documenting Deliverable operational programs, documentation, training materials Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity database implementation Implementation Maintenance

15 Systems Development Life Cycle Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose monitor, repair, enhance Deliverable periodic audits Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity database maintenance Implementation Maintenance

16 In short Database Design Mini-World View Requirements Collection and Analysis Conceptual Design Data Model Mapping Physical Design

17 Prototyping Methodology An incremental prototyping approach for large or complex systems. Design Prototype Identify Requirements Implement Prototype Evaluate

18 Prototyping Iterative Exploratory Many small-medium systems designed this way Advantages of using an incremental prototyping approach - Allows the accuracy of the knowledge base to be demonstrated during iterations of the lifecycle System more likely to match users requirements The quality of the reasoning is open to inspection It provides an easy mechanism to involve the users, management and experts It allows the project to be signed off as complete

19 Disadvantages of using an incremental prototyping approach - The ability to develop small projects does not always mean that it is possible to develop and maintain large real-world systems Difficult to define the cost and timetables Can be difficult to track versions Encourages users to ask for more features

20 Let us focus on : Data Modeling as an Analysis Activity Project Identification and Selection Project Initiation and Planning Purpose thorough analysis Deliverable functional system specifications Analysis Logical Design Physical Design Database activity conceptual data modeling Implementation Maintenance

21 Business rule A statement that defines or constrains some aspect of the business. It is intended to assert business structure or to control or influence the behavior of the business. Ex: A preferred customer qualifies for a 10% discount, unless he has an overdue account balance.

22 Entity Relationship Modelling Entity Relationship (ER) modelling is a design tool is a graphical representation of the database system provides a high-level conceptual data model supports the user s perception of the data is DBMS and hardware independent had many variants is composed of entities, attributes, and relationships

23 Customer_name The Entity Relationship Model Customer_id Customer_addr accountnumber balance Customer Depositor Account Rectangles represent entity sets Ellipses represent attributes Diamonds represent sets of relationships among a member from each of several entity sets Lines links attributes to entity sets and entity sets to relationships

24

25 Components of an E R Model Entities Attributes Entity Identifiers Instances of Entities Attribute Domains

26 Definition Entities A person, place, object, event, or concept in the user environment about which the organization wishes to maintain data

27 Entity Type Vs Entity Instances An Entity Type is a collection of entities that share common properties or characteristics. Ex of Entity Type Person EMPLOYEE, STUDENT, PATIENT Place STORE, WAREHOUSE, HOSPITAL Object MACHINE, BUILDING, VEHICLE Event SALE, REGISTRATION, RENEWAL Concept ACCOUNT, COURSE, WORK CENTER An Entity Instance is a single occurrence of an Entity Type

28 Types of Attributes Simple Attribute / Atomic Attribute Ex: Age, Salary, Sex Composite Attribute Ex : Address, Full Name

29 Types of Attributes contd Single Valued Attribute Ex: Gender

30 Types of Attributes contd Multi Valued Attribute Ex: Hobby, Educational Qualification, Skill empnum empphone empdegree BA, BSc, PhD BSc, MSc

31 Derived Attribute Ex: Age Types of Attributes contd

32 E R Diagram Conventions First name Last name class name date _of_birth hobby STUDENT age street address state roll_number city pin Entities Rectangular Box Attribute Ellipse Entity Name Uppercase Attribute Name Lowercase Primary Key - Underlined Single Line Simple /single valued Dotted Line Derived Double Line Multivalued Components of composite attribute are shown as ellipses emanating from the composite attributes

33 Key Attributes Key is an attribute, or a minimal set of attributes, that uniquely identify entities in an entity set.

34 Composite Identifier An identifier that consists of a composite attribute Ex: Entity FLIGHT with composite identifier flightid FlightID has component attributes flightno and date

35 Surrogate Key When a key specified for an entity is meaningless to the entity (it doesn t describe any characteristic of an entity), and when it has a simple numeric value, the key is referred to as a surrogate key. A key that is not a surrogate key is often referred to as a natural key.

36 Non-key Attributes Non-key attributes are attributes that are not part of a key. Generally, most attributes are simply descriptive, and fall into this category. Consider attributes for first name, last name, birth date; usually these attributes are non-key attributes.

37 Relationships A Relationship is an association between entities Relationship instance is an association between entity instances where each relationship instance includes exactly one entity from each participating entity type PUBLISHER publishes BOOK

38 Recursion Any instance of this relationship involves two employees, and so it is called a Recursive Relationship. In this relationship, one employee is designated the supervisor and the other as the supervised. Employee fills two roles in this relationship. N Employee 1 supervised superviser supervises

39 Degree of a relationship Unary A unary relationship exists when an association is maintained within a single entity SUBJECT requires

40 Binary Relationship A binary relationship exists when two entities are associated PUBLISHER publishes BOOK

41 Ternary Relationship A ternary relationship exists when there are 3 entities associated TEACHER SUBJECT teaches STUDENT

42 Quaternary relationship A quaternary relationship exists when there are four entities associated. TEACHER STUDENT studies COURSE_ MATERIAL SUBJECT

43 One to One CONNECTIVITY Ex: Manager manages 1 Department One to Many Ex: Department has many Employees Many to Many Ex: (No. of )Employee joins many Courses

44 CARDINALITY Mapping Cardinality expresses the specific number of entity occurrences associated with one occurrence of the related entity DEPARTMENT 1 N has EMPLOYEE (0,100) (1,1) EMPLOYEE N joins N COURSE (0,2) (0,10)

45 A cardinality constraint Specifies the number of instance of one entity that can (or must) be associated with each instance of another entity Minimum cardinality The minimum number of instances of one entity that may be associated with each instance of another entity. Maximum cardinality The maximum number of instances of one entity that may be associated with each instance of another entity.

46 Weak Entity An entity type that is existent dependent on some other entity is called a weak entity or existent dependent Strong Entity An entity type that is NOT existent dependent on some other entity is called a strong entity. DEPENDENCY Identifying Owner An entity type on which the weak entity type depends Identifying Relationship The relationship between a weak entity type and its owner COMPANY employs EMPLOYEE PARENT has

47 Partial Key A partial key (or discriminator) is an attribute that distinguishes instances of a weak entity set relative to a strong entity

48 Participation Constraints There are two ways an entity can participate in a relationship Totally / Mandatory Partially / Optional EMPLOYEE N joins N COURSE (0,2) (1,10) Mandatory Optional

49 Employee Assigned to Project Employee Assigned to Project Optional or Partial Mandatory Or Total

50 Optional participation Constraint Mandatory participation Constraint IsOwnedBy Store Owns 1 M Video To-one relationship role purchase Date cost to-many relationship role

51

52 Relationships - Notation descriptive attribute ENTITY 1 ENTITY 2 Relationship

53 Relationships - Example academic year STUDENT registers for COURSE

54

55 A binary relationship with an attribute Here, the date completed attribute pertains specifically to the employee s completion of a course it is an attribute of the relationship

56 An associative entity (CERTIFICATE) Associative entity involves a rectangle with a diamond inside. Note that the many-to-many cardinality symbols face toward the associative entity and not toward the other entities

57 Another situation for Associative entity Many to Many relationships must be broken down to one to many relationships AUTHOR N Submits work N PUBLISHER

58 AUTHORS TABLE AUTHORID NAME CITY COUNTRY A1 SHOBHA DE MUMBAI INDIA PUBLISHER TABLE PUB_ID NAME CITY COUNTRY P1 MCGRAW HILL NEW YORK U.S.A WORK TABLE AUTHORID PUB_ID TITLE A1 P1 SISTERS

59 authorid pub_id title AUTHOR 1 N N 1 WORK PUBLISHER authorid name pub_id name city country city country

60 Associative Entities It s an Entity it has attributes AND it s a Relationship it links entities together When should a relationship with attributes instead be an Associative Entity? All relationships for the participating entity types are many relationships The associative entity could have meaning independent of the other entities The associative entity preferably has a unique identifier, and should also have other attributes The associative entity may participate in other relationships other than the entities of the associated relationship Ternary relationships should be converted to associative entities

61 A unary relationship with an attribute. This has a manyto-many relationship Representing a bill-of -materials structure

62 An associative entity bill of materials structure

63 A ternary relationship with attributes

64 Ternary relationship as an associative entity

65 To summarise : Associative Entity An entity type that associates the instances of one or more entity types and contains attributes that are peculiar to the relationship between those entity instances.

66 ISA Relationship An ISA relationship implies that the subtype must have a matching supertype to exist. name sex dateofbirth empno EMPLOYEE name ISA... age ENTITY LISTS empno CONSULTANT client designation EMPLOYEE (empno, name, age, sex, dateofbirth) CONSULTANT( empno, client, designation) One to One Relationship

67 Entity Sets Entity sets are collections of related entities

68 ENTITY LISTS The entity lists establishes the logical names to be used in the database design and use.

69 SUMMARY Relationship symbols Entity symbols Attribute symbols A special entity that is also a relationship Relationship cardinalities specify how many of each entity type is allowed Relationship degrees specify number of entity types involved

70 A Comparison of ER Modeling Symbols

71 ER Diagram: Two Most Commonly Used Notations

72 A quick check of our understanding.

73 Simple key attribute The key is underlined

74 Composite key attribute The key is composed of two subparts

75 Entity with a multivalued attribute (Skill) and derived attribute (Years_Employed) What s wrong with this? Derived from date employed and current date Multivalued: an employee can have more than one skill

76 An attribute that is both multivalued and composite This is an example of time-stamping

77

78

79 Note: a relationship can have attributes of its own

80 Mandatory cardinalities

81 Optional cardinalities with unary degree, one-to-one relationship

82 Entities can be related to one another in more than one way

83 Here,max cardinality constraint is 4

84 Strong entity Identifying relationship Weak entity

85 Question time Please try to limit the questions to the topics discussed during the session. Thank you.

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