FUNDAMENTALS OF. Database S wctpmc. Shamkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology. Addison-Wesley

Transcription

1 FUNDAMENTALS OF Database S wctpmc SIXTH EDITION Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Shamkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Addison-Wesley Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 Contents apart 1 Introduction to Databases Ш chapter 1 Databases and Database Users Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Approach Actors on the Scene Workers behind the Scene Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach A Brief History of Database Applications When Not to Use a DBMS Summary 27 Review Questions 27 Exercises 28 Selected Bibliography 28 chapter 2 Database System Concepts and Architecture Data Models, Schemas, and Instances Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence Database Languages and Interfaces The Database System Environment Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs Classification of Database Management Systems Summary 52 Review Questions 53 Exercises 54 Selected Bibliography 55 xv

3 xvi Contents part 2 The Relational Data Model and SQL Ш chapter 3 The Relational Data Model and Relational Database Constraints Relational Model Concepts Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations Summary 79 Review Questions 80 Exercises 80 Selected Bibliography 85 chapter 4 Basic SQL SQL Data Definition and Data Types Specifying Constraints in SQL Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL Additional Features of SQL Summary 111 Review Questions 112 Exercises 11 2 Selected Bibliography 114 chapter О More SQL: Complex Queries, Triggers, Views, and Schema Modification More Complex SQL Retrieval Queries Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Actions as Triggers Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL Schema Change Statements in SQL Summary 139 Review Questions 141 Exercises 141 Selected Bibliography 143

4 Contents xvii chapter 6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION Additional Relational Operations Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra The Tuple Relational Calculus The Domain Relational Calculus Summary 185 Review Questions 186 Exercises 187 Laboratory Exercises 192 Selected Bibliography 194 Duft «S Conceptual Modeling and Database Design chapter 7 Data Modeling Using the Entity-Relationship (ER) Model Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design A Sample Database Application Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints Weak Entity Types Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues Example of Other Notation: UML Class Diagrams Relationship Types of Degree Higher than Two Summary 232 Review Questions 234 Exercises 234 Laboratory Exercises 241 Selected Bibliography 243

5 xviii Contents chapter 8 The Enhanced Entity-Relationship (EER) Model Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance Specialization and Generalization Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions Example of Other Notation: Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts Summary 273 Review Questions 273 Exercises 274 Laboratory Exercises 281 Selected Bibliography 284 chapter 9 Relational Database Design by ERand EER-to-Relational Mapping Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations Summary 299 Review Questions 299 Exercises 299 Laboratory Exercises 301 Selected Bibliography 302 chapter 1 О Practical Database Design Methodology and Use of UML Diagrams The Role of Information Systems in Organizations The Database Design and Implementation Process Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification Rational Rose: A UML-Based Design Tool Automated Database Design Tools 342

6 Contents xix 10.6 Summary 345 Review Questions 347 Selected Bibliography 348 n a If&lF %Щ all Щ* в Ш Object, Object-Relational, and XML: Concepts, Models, Languages, and Standards chapter 1 1 Object and Object-Relational Databases Overview of Object Database Concepts Object-Relational Features: Object Database Extensions to SQL The ODMG Object Model and the Object Definition Language ODL Object Database Conceptual Design The Object Query Language OQL Overview of the C++Language Binding in the ODMG Standard Summary 408 Review Questions 409 Exercises 411 Selected Bibliography 412 chapter 1 2 XML: Extensible Markup Language Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema Storing and Extracting XML Documents from Databases XML Languages Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases Summary 442 Review Questions 442 Exercises 443 Selected Bibliography 443

7 »part О Database Programming Techniques Щ chapter 13 Introduction to SQL Programming Techniques Database Programming: Techniques and Issues Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM Comparing the Three Approaches Summary 477 Review Questions 478 Exercises 478 Selected Bibliography 479 chapter 1 4 Web Database Programming Using PHP A Simple PHP Example Overview of Basic Features of PHP Overview of PHP Database Programming Summary 496 Review Questions 496 Exercises 497 Selected Bibliography 497 part 6 Database Design Theory and Normalization Ж chapter 1 О Basics of Functional Dependencies and Normalization for Relational Databases Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas Functional Dependencies Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms Boyce-Codd Normal Form 529

8 Contents xxi 15.6 Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form Summary 535 Review Questions 536 Exercises 537 Laboratory Exercises 542 Selected Bibliography 542 chapter 1 О Relational Database Design Algorithms and Further Dependencies Further Topics in Functional Dependencies: Inference Rules, Equivalence, and Minimal Cover Properties of Relational Decompositions Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design About Nulls, Dangling Tuples, and Alternative Relational Designs Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF Other Dependencies and Normal Forms Summary 575 Review Questions 576 Exercises 576 Laboratory Exercises 578 Selected Bibliography 579 part / File Structures, Indexing, and Hashing Щ chapter Introduction 584 Disk Storage, Basic File Structures, and Hashing Secondary Storage Devices Buffering of Blocks Placing File Records on Disk Operations on Files Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) Hashing Techniques 606

9 xxii Contents 17.9 Other Primary File Organizations Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology New Storage Systems Summary 624 Review Questions 625 Exercises 626 Selected Bibliography 630 chapter 1 О Indexing Structures for Files Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes Multilevel Indexes Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B + -Trees Indexes on Multiple Keys Other Types of Indexes Some General Issues Concerning Indexing Summary 670 Review Questions 671 Exercises 672 Selected Bibliography 674 Query Processing and Optimization, and Database Tuning chapter 1 9 Algorithms for Query Processing and Optimization Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra Algorithms for External Sorting Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINs 19.6 Combining Operations Using Pipelining Using Heuristics in Query Optimization Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization 19.9 Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle Semantic Query Optimization Summary 723

10 Review Questions 723 Exercises 724 Selected Bibliography 725 chapter 20 Physical Database Design and Tuning Physical Database Design in Relational Databases An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems Summary 739 Review Questions 739 Selected Bibliography 740 Transaction Processing, Concurrency Control, and Recovery chapter 21 Introduction to Transaction Processing Concepts and Theory Introduction to Transaction Processing Transaction and System Concepts Desirable Properties of Transactions Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability Transaction Support in SQL Summary 772 Review Questions 772 Exercises 773 Selected Bibliography 775 chapter 22 Concurrency Control Techniques Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes Other Concurrency Control Issues 800

11 xxiv Contents 22.8 Summary 802 Review Questions 803 Exercises 804 Selected Bibliography 804 chapter 23 Database Recovery Techniques Recovery Concepts NO-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update Shadow Paging The ARIES Recovery Algorithm Recovery in Multidatabase Systems Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures Summary 827 Review Questions 828 Exercises 829 Selected Bibliography 832 part 10 Additional Database Topics: Security and Distribution chapter 24 Database Security Introduction to Database Security Issues Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security SQL Injection Introduction to Statistical Database Security Introduction to Flow Control Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures Privacy Issues and Preservation Challenges of Database Security Oracle Label-Based Security Summary 870

12 Contents xxv Review Questions 872 Exercises 873 Selected Bibliography 874 chapter 2 5 Distributed Databases Distributed Database Concepts Types of Distributed Database Systems Distributed Database Architectures Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design Query Processing and Optimization in Distributed Databases Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed Databases Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases Distributed Catalog Management Current Trends in Distributed Databases Distributed Databases in Oracle Summary 919 Review Questions 921 Exercises 922 Selected Bibliography 924 part l l Advanced Database Models, Systems, and Applications chapter 26 Enhanced Data Models for Advanced Applications Active Database Concepts and Triggers Temporal Database Concepts Spatial Database Concepts Multimedia Database Concepts Introduction to Deductive Databases Summary 983 Review Questions 985 Exercises 986 Selected Bibliography 989

13 chapter 27 Introduction to Information Retrieval and Web Search Information Retrieval (IR) Concepts Retrieval Models Types of Queries in IR Systems Text Preprocessing Inverted Indexing Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance Web Search and Analysis Trends in Information Retrieval Summary 1030 Review Questions 1031 Selected Bibliography 1033 chapter 28 Data Mining Concepts Overview of Data Mining Technology Association Rules Classification Clustering Approaches to Other Data Mining Problems Applications of Data Mining Commercial Data Mining Tools Summary 1063 Review Questions 1063 Exercises 1064 Selected Bibliography 1065 chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology Characteristics of Data Warehouses Data Modeling for Data Warehouses Building a Data Warehouse Typical Functionality of a Data Warehouse Data Warehouse versus Views Difficulties of Implementing Data Warehouses 1080

14 Contents xxvii 29.8 Summary 1081 Review Questions 1081 Selected Bibliography 1082 appendix A Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models 1083 appendix В Parameters of Disks 1087 appendix С Overview of the QBE Language 1091 C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE 1091 C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE 1095 appendix D Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model (located on the Companion Website at appendix E Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion Website at Selected Bibliography 1099 Index 1133