Real-World Performance Training SQL Introduction

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2 Real-World Performance Training SQL Introduction Real-World Performance Team

3 Basics SQL Structured Query Language Declarative You express what you want to do, not how to do it Despite the name, provides ability to modify (create, update, delete) data too

4 Basic Anatomy of a SQL Statement select dname, job, avg(sal), max(sal), count(*) from emp e join dept d on d.deptno = e.deptno where job!= 'CLERK' group by dname, job having avg(sal) > 1500 order by dname, avg(sal) Select list Tables Table Aliases Join Predicate Aggregation Having Sorting

5 Sub-query ( correlated ) select empno, ename, sal Sub-query from emp e1 where sal > ( select avg(sal) from emp e2 where e2.deptno = e1.deptno group by deptno )

6 Inline View select empno, ename, sal, avg_sal from emp e join ( select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno ) v on e.deptno = v.deptno Inline View

7 Common Table Expression (CTE) with avg_sal as ( select deptno, avg(sal) avg_sal from emp group by deptno ) select empno, ename, sal, avg_sal from emp e join avg_sal a on e.deptno = a.deptno Common Table Expression

8 Join A Inner Join B from A join B on A.col = B.col

9 Example Tables EMP ENAME JOB DEPTNO CLARK MANAGER 10 KING PRESIDENT 10 FORD ANALYST 20 WARD SALESMAN 30 DEPT DEPTNO DNAME LOC 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK 20 RESEARCH DALLAS 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON BILLY MECHANIC 50 9

10 Inner Join SELECT e.ename, FROM JOIN ON e.job, e.deptno, d.dname, d.loc emp e dept d e.deptno = d.deptno;

11 Inner Join Results RESULTS ENAME JOB DEPTNO DNAME LOC CLARK MANAGER 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK KING PRESIDENT 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK FORD ANALYST 20 RESEARCH DALLAS WARD SALESMAN 30 SALES CHICAGO 11

12 Outer Joins Left Outer Join A B Right Outer Join A B Full Outer Join A B from A left outer join B on A.col = B.col from A right outer join B on A.col = B.col from A full outer join B on A.col = B.col 12

13 Outer Joins SELECT e.ename, e.job, e.deptno, d.dname, d.loc FROM emp e LEFT/FULL/RIGHT OUTER JOIN ON e.deptno = d.deptno; dept d

14 Inner Join Results INNER JOIN ENAME JOB DEPTNO DNAME LOC CLARK MANAGER 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK KING PRESIDENT 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK FORD ANALYST 20 RESEARCH DALLAS WARD SALESMAN 30 SALES CHICAGO 14

15 Left Outer Join Results LEFT OUTER JOIN ENAME JOB DEPTNO DNAME LOC CLARK MANAGER 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK KING PRESIDENT 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK FORD ANALYST 20 RESEARCH DALLAS WARD SALESMAN 30 SALES CHICAGO BILLY MECHANIC 50 15

16 Right Outer Join Results RIGHT OUTER JOIN ENAME JOB DEPTNO DNAME LOC CLARK MANAGER 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK KING PRESIDENT 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK FORD ANALYST 20 RESEARCH DALLAS WARD SALESMAN 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON 16

17 Full Outer Join Results FULL OUTER JOIN ENAME JOB DEPTNO DNAME LOC CLARK MANAGER 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK KING PRESIDENT 10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK FORD ANALYST 20 RESEARCH DALLAS WARD SALESMAN 30 SALES CHICAGO 40 OPERATIONS BOSTON BILLY MECHANIC 50 17

18 Set Operators Union Minus Intersect A A A B B B select * from A union select * from B select * from A minus select * from B select * from A intersect select * from B

19 Window Function Generally a window function has a number of components An analytic function itself eg. sum(), avg(), stddev(), rank A partitioning clause To logically divide the data into sets A windowing clause Defines the set of rows for the function to work on, with respect to the current row Order by clause Defines the order of the rows within the partition or window

20 Window Function select dname, ename, sal, rank() over ( partition by e.deptno order by sal desc ) sal_rank from emp e join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno order by dname, sal_rank analytic function partition by clause order by clause for function

21 Window Function deptno= partition by deptno= Rows sorted and RANKed within each partition deptno=30

22 Window Function rank() DNAME ENAME SAL SAL_RANK ACCOUNTING KING ACCOUNTING CLARK ACCOUNTING MILLER RESEARCH FORD RESEARCH SCOTT RESEARCH JONES RESEARCH ADAMS RESEARCH SMITH SALES BLAKE SALES ALLEN SALES TURNER SALES WARD SALES MARTIN SALES JAMES 950 6

23 Window Function select dname, ename, hiredate, sal, avg(sal) over ( partition by e.deptno order by hiredate rows between 2 preceding and 2 following ) mv_avg_sal from emp e join dept d on e.deptno = d.deptno order by dname, hiredate analytic function partition by order by for function windowing clause

24 Window Function deptno=10 Start of window partition by deptno=20 Current row End of window deptno=30

25 Window Function moving average DNAME ENAME HIREDATE SAL MVG_AVG_SAL ACCOUNTING CLARK 09-JUN ACCOUNTING KING 17-NOV ACCOUNTING MILLER 23-JAN RESEARCH SMITH 17-DEC RESEARCH JONES 02-APR RESEARCH FORD 03-DEC RESEARCH SCOTT 09-DEC RESEARCH ADAMS 12-JAN SALES ALLEN 20-FEB SALES WARD 22-FEB SALES BLAKE 01-MAY SALES TURNER 08-SEP SALES MARTIN 28-SEP SALES JAMES 03-DEC

26 Definitions Basics Query DML DDL Retrieves data based on specific criteria Data Manipulation Language SQL used to create, update and delete data Data Definition Language SQL to create, alter objects such as tables, views, indexes etc 26

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