Introduction to Database Systems CSE 414. Lecture 19: E/R Diagrams

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1 Introduction to Database Systems CSE 414 Lecture 19: E/R Diagrams CSE Spring

2 Class Overview Unit 1: Intro Unit 2: Relational Data Models and Query Languages Unit 3: Non-relational data Unit 4: RDMBS internals and query optimization Unit 5: Parallel query processing Unit 6: DBMS usability, conceptual design E/R diagrams Schema normalization Unit 7: Transactions 4

3 Database Design What it is: Starting from scratch, design the database schema: relation, attributes, keys, foreign keys, constraints etc Why it s hard The database will be in operation for a very long time (years). Updating the schema while in production is very expensive (why?) CSE Spring

4 Database Design Consider issues such as: What entities to model How entities are related What constraints exist in the domain Several formalisms exists We discuss E/R diagrams UML, model-driven architecture Reading: Sec CSE Spring

5 Database Design Process Conceptual Model: name product makes company price name address Relational Model: Tables + constraints And also functional dep. Normalization: Eliminates anomalies Conceptual Schema Physical storage details Physical Schema

6 Entity / Relationship Diagrams Entity set = a class An entity = an object Attribute city Relationship makes CSE Spring

7 name CEO name price makes Company address buys Person employs address name ssn 9

8 Keys in E/R Diagrams Every entity set must have a key name price CSE Spring

9 What is a Relation? A mathematical definition: if A, B are sets, then a relation R is a subset of A B A={1,2,3}, B={a,b,c,d}, A B = {(1,a),(1,b),..., (3,d)} R = {(1,a), (1,c), (3,b)} A= 1 2 makes is a subset of Company: makes Company 3 B= a b c d CSE Spring

10 Multiplicity of E/R Relations one-one: many-one many-many a b c d a b c d a b c d CSE Spring

11 name CEO name price makes Company buys What does this say? employs address Person address name ssn 13

12 Attributes on Relationships name What does this say? price name address date Person Buys 14

13 Multi-way Relationships How do we model a purchase relationship between buyers, products and stores? date Purchase Store Person Can still model as a mathematical set (How?) As a set of triples Person Store 15

14 Arrows in Multiway Relationships Q: What does the arrow mean? date Purchase Store Person A: Any person buys a given product from at most one store [Fine print: Arrow pointing to E means that if we select one entity from each of the other entity sets in the relationship, those entities are related to at most one entity in E] CSE Spring

15 Arrows in Multiway Relationships Q: What does the arrow mean? date Purchase Store Person A: Any person buys a given product from at most one store AND every store sells to every person at most one product CSE Spring

16 Converting Multi-way Relationships to Binary date Of Purchase StoreOf Store BuyerOf Person Arrows go in which direction? 18

17 Converting Multi-way Relationships to Binary date Of Purchase StoreOf Store BuyerOf Person Make sure you understand why! 19

18 3. Design Principles What s wrong? Purchase Person Country President Person Moral: Be faithful to the specifications of the application! CSE Spring

19 Design Principles: What s Wrong? date Purchase Store personaddr personname Moral: pick the right kind of entities. CSE Spring

20 Design Principles: What s Wrong? Dates date Purchase Store Moral: don t complicate life more than it already is. Person 22

21 From E/R Diagrams to Relational Schema Entity set à relation Relationship à relation CSE Spring

22 Entity Set to Relation prod-id category price (prod-id, category, price) prod-id category price Gizmo55 Camera Pokemn19 Toy

23 N-N Relationships to Relations date prod-id cust-id date name Orders Shipment Shipping-Co address Represent this in relations CSE Spring

24 N-N Relationships to Relations date prod-id cust-id date name Orders Shipment Shipping-Co Orders(prod-ID,cust-ID, date) Shipment(prod-ID,cust-ID, name, date) Shipping-Co(name, address) address prod-id cust-id name date Gizmo55 Joe12 UPS 4/10/2011 Gizmo55 Joe12 FEDEX 4/9/2011

25 N-1 Relationships to Relations date prod-id cust-id date name Orders Shipment Shipping-Co address Represent this in relations CSE Spring

26 N-1 Relationships to Relations date prod-id cust-id date name Orders Shipment Shipping-Co Orders(prod-ID,cust-ID, date1, name, date2) Shipping-Co(name, address) address Remember: no separate relations for many-one relationship 28

27 Multi-way Relationships to Relations name address prod-id price Purchase Store Person Try this at home! ssn name Purchase(prod-ID, ssn, name) CSE Spring

28 Modeling Subclasses Some objects in a class may be special define a new class better: define a subclass s Software products Educational products So --- we define subclasses in E/R CSE Spring

29 Subclasses name category price isa isa Software Educational platforms CSE Spring 2018 Age Group

30 Subclasses to Relations name category price isa isa Sw. Name Price Category Gizmo 99 gadget Camera 49 photo Toy 39 gadget Name platforms Gizmo unix Software platforms Educational Other ways to convert are possible Age Group Ed. Name Gizmo Toy Age Group toddler retired CSE Spring

31 Modeling Union Types with Subclasses FurniturePiece Person Company Say: each piece of furniture is owned either by a person or by a company CSE Spring

32 Modeling Union Types with Subclasses Say: each piece of furniture is owned either by a person or by a company Solution 1. Acceptable but imperfect (What s wrong?) Person FurniturePiece Company ownedbyperson ownedbycomp. CSE Spring

33 Modeling Union Types with Subclasses Solution 2: better, more laborious Owner isa Person ownedby isa Company FurniturePiece CSE Spring

34 Weak Entity Sets Entity sets are weak when their key comes from other classes to which they are related. Team affiliation University sport number name Team(sport, number, universityname) University(name) CSE Spring

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