A Novel Technique to Detect Semantic Clones

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1 A Novel Technique to Detect Semantic Clones Nirpjeet Kaur #1, Sumeet Kaur Sehra *2, Diana Nagpal #3 IT Dept. Guru Nanak Dev Engineering College Ludhiana, India Abstract Existing research shows there are more than 5-10% [1] of code clone exists in the normal program, which is often source of bug in most cases and is very difficult to detect without several test cases. Though several automated refactoring tools exists but it fails to tell the number of place where the refactoring is necessary. Many code clone detection techniques have been employed to remove syntactic clones but less research is geared towards finding semantic clones most because of its lower payoff though the error cheeped because of semantic clones are almost invisible even to most experienced programmer. This paper proposes a technique that may be employed to automatically detect semantic clones. Keywords Code Clone, Syntactic Clone, Semantic Clone, Abstract Syntax Tree, Graph. I. INTRODUCTION Evolution of systems have grown in tremendous place. Earlier most systems were manually operated but now most of them are automated and network connected. Couple of decade ago there were barely any software in industries and business houses but today any industry has ten million mines of software, they are rolling compute farm outfitted with ten, dozen, even hundreds of processors that not only talk to each other but are also talking to outside world. As company strive to deliver higher quality products they really struggle with the complexity of the system and how to put them together today. Upwards of forty percent [20][23] are their engineering efforts are being spent on soft wares. Industry are taking on the challenges that organization face from this rising complexity. Most of business houses uses solutions for system and software engineering to simplify the complex design process and break it down to smaller manageable pieces and then to distribute these pieces to their engineering team which resides around the world part of them is the ability to real time capability to audit and trace the information through these complex system to design smarter product with a road map that helps them avoid the challenges of the complexity they face these days. One of the major problem faced by software engineering is duplicate code also known as code clone. Code clones [3],[4],[5],[6] are small snippets of codes that are placed in different location of a module. They arises commonly when a software application is under augmentation for some time or by sloppy design and ill structure of the code. Code clones creates difficulty when modifying the application because finding issues and modifying codes needs to be done at different locations. Hence giving rise to maintenance costs and may cause unfavorable system crash and untraceable bugs leading to project failure and reputation degradation. There are several reason [9][10][11] for code clone to exist: 1. Copying and pasting of code Usually caused when a fragment of code is working properly and similar functionality is required at another part of the program 2. Plagiarism Where a piece of code is used reengineered or used without permission. 3. Generated Code RAD Tools generate fragments of code that are used to reduce project development time. Code Smell is a known problem and is as old as the universe of programming itself. There are various types of code smell, but the focus of this paper is based on special type of code smell namely, code duplication. Code Duplication is an unwanted effect which usually arises when different parts of code in the same project are similar. Refactoring is considered one of the effective way to counter code delicacy. But there are several problems associated with Code Refactoring and they are: ISSN: Page 56

2 1. It is hard to find the area where refactoring is required 2. Refactoring may break existing working code 3. Bug introduced while refactoring is difficult to find 4. Only applicable when test cases are ready But one may break the existing code while refactoring hence, refactoring should be only considered when some functionality is to be added in the existing code and it is hard to implement the functionality or modify them, then refactor. One should take extreme precaution when test cases are not present while refactoring, since without refactoring it is hard to know whether the code has been broken after refactoring or not. II. CODE CATEGORIZATION Various kinds of code clone exists in software life cycle these code clone can be put down as: A. Syntactic Clone [8][12][13] Syntactic code clone measures the closeness and similarity between different pieces of codes. It is partitioned in three types: Type I - Is a type of syntactic clone where clone group have exact same code, character by character except difference in whitespace and comments. Type II-Is a type of syntactic clone that is built on top of Type A and in addition to it the type name or variable name may be different. Type III -Is a type of syntactic clone that is built on top of Type B and in addition to it may have some new statements or maybe some statements are missing from the original.. B. Semantic Clone Semantic type clones deals with meaning of the code and not the syntax. III. BACKGROUND All paragraphs must be indented. All paragraphs must be justified, i.e. both left-justified and rightjustified. A. Text Based Techniques These techniques considers a program to be sequence of characters and compares raw text without regard to any specific language constructs. [12], proposed a novel technique where each character of bounded segment of the code with rest pieces of code without taking spaces and comments into account using a simple loop. The advantages of these types of technique lies in the fact that they are easy to implement and little to no code transformation is required. [16], used differential file comparison algorithm also coined as DIFF algorithm. In this algorithm source code normalization is required by removing whitespaces and comments followed by determining equivalence class of a file with the lines of another and then finding longest common subsequence and then on match and then weeding out spurious sequences also called jackpots. Techniq ues TABLE 1 COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF DIFF AND OTHER TOOLS Appearance (in Time New Roman or Times) Comparison Total Total No. of No. of clones detected Lines DIFF Source DIFF Destination Other Source Other Destination The table shows DIFF superiority over other clone detection tools as there were only 14 clones present in their test cases. And other tool shows inaccuracy while detecting clones. B. Token Based Techniques [8,12,13,21,22] Is much like lexical analyser that breaks program up into tokens and then move sliding window across the token stream looking for similar sequences. [18], proposed program slicing method by at first finding all global variable followed by searching for variables in various program sections such as function, loop etc. and tagging each of these tokens and at last slicing every section based on local and global constructs. They repeated this process till each of the tokens are tagged and sliced and then they merged their result set and marked clones present in their test files. They claim these technique is not only faster than other techniques present in different text based tools but also perform this classification with better accuracy. ISSN: Page 57

3 Block diagram of their token-clone detecting software is given below: terms of actual programs structural meaning. The disadvantages of using these types of techniques is that it is much slower than Token based techniques. [2][7] Produced abstract syntax suffix trees to detect clones present in test cases. Though their technique works well on all syntactic types but is mainly geared towards finding syntax based clones or Type III clones. Their algorithm comprises of following steps 1) Parse the Code in test cases 2) Generate Abstract suffix trees 3) Serialize Abstract suffix trees 4) Apply suffix tree detection 5) Finally, decomposing tokens into syntactic units Figure 1: Token-Clone Detection using Program Slicing [17], proposed a scalable technique for token based clone detection in this method they used cosine similarity function on a count matrix. At first they constructed a matrix by partitioning different tokens present in the program based on their vicinity. Then using the cosine similarity to reconstruct the matrix. On using this technique clones are grouped together. The cosine similarity function is given below:.advantage of this technique over text based technique is that it can safely ignore text present in string literals of any code segment. But is slower than text based techniques. C. Syntax Based Techniques Works similar to a parser. The source is parsed at first and then a tree representation is built from it and then sub-trees are compared against each other. Advantage now we don t get weird clones that include the end of one method and the first two line of another method. They break across the method boundary because it doesn t make much sense in Figure 2: Example of Suffix trees IV. METHODOLOGY The multiplicity of complexity in semantic clones are many higher than any existing semantic clone in the code. It is difficult to detect and remove and is often ignored though it reflects sloppy design and major source of internal inconsistency in interrelated systems. Builds program dependence graph [14][15][19] which is a typical compiler internal representation. Lot of program structures are abstracted away for maintaining the meaning and so it is obviously difficult to detect similarity in structure if most fragments are abstracted but of course maintaining a meaning and also have a better chance of detecting these similar meaning but having different syntax. The disadvantage is that it slowest of all the techniques because sub graph are matched instead of sub trees and graph are computationally more expensive than tree structures. ISSN: Page 58

4 This research at first creates two language and then graph are generated from their program codes further this graph are divided into n different sub graphs and each sub graphs are compared against each other based on their degree of similarity, the conclusion is drawn about the presence of semantic code clone. Graph_Compare(s,G): 1. Initialise (Q=Empty,V=subGraph(starts_with( # ))); 2. Foreach v [v]:= Unvisited ; ; d[v]:= ; d[s]:= 0; end foreach Foreach v Figure 3 Clone detection Three randomly selected test cases are selected, compared and represented in Figure 3. In the first test cases, which was very rudimentary and had 7 actual clone, all the 7 clones were detected correctly. But in more complex program the error percentage was still below 30. ; d[v]:= d[u]+1; End if End for 6. For T i = (V, π[x], x) End for 7. ⁰Sim = Compare_Nodes_SubGraph(V i,v j ) 8. Return (V,T, ⁰Sim) V. CONCLUSIONS The clone detection were applied on two semantically different languages and few test cases were generated to demonstrate the capability of the algorithm. Figure 4: Error Percentage VI. FUTURE SCOPE The time and space complexity of the algorithm used is of the order: Time Complexity: C 1 n+ C 2 deg(u) (u V) = O(n+m), where n=n(v), m=n(e) Space Complexity: O( n+m) This research work used Adjacency matrix as a data structure to store data in the algorithm to reduce program complexity. But Adjacency list can be used to in place of Adjacency matrix to improve space complexity. To improve time complexity or performance, some other data structures can be investigated. ISSN: Page 59

5 ACKNOWLEDGMENT I express my gratitude to Prof. Sumeet Kaur Sehra for their aspiring guidance, invaluably constructive criticism and advice during this research work. I am also grateful to Prof. Diana Nagpal for sharing her technical views on a number of issues related to this research. REFERENCES [1] Yingnong Dang, Song Ge, Ray Huang and dongmei Zhang. Honululu,"Code Clone Detection Experience at Microsoft", ACM, 23 May 2011, Microsoft Research Asia. [2] R. V. Patil, Madhuri Lole, Ruchira Kudale, Rajani Konde, S. D. Joshi and V. Khanna. Pune,"Code Clone Detection Technique Using Weighted Graph and CFG.", s.n., 16 March 2014, Proceedings of 4th IRF International conference [3] Ritesh V. Patil, S. D. Joshi and V. Khanna. 9, Chennai,"Code Clone Detection using Decentralized Architecture and Parallel Processing- Latest Short Revie", s.n., September 2014, International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Science and Software Engineering, Vol X. 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