Distributed and Cloud Computing

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1 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 1/28 Distributed and Cloud Computing Ing. Jiří Kašpar prof. Ing. Pavel Tvrdík CSc. Department of Computer Systems Faculty of Information Technology Czech Technical University in Prague Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík, 2011 Advanced Computer System Architectures, MI-POA, 05/2011, Lecture 12 Evropský sociální fond Praha & EU: Investujeme do vaší budoucnosti

2 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 2/28 Two architectures: Peer-to-peer, Client-server. Types of Message Passing Types of Message Passing Two message addressing models: Point-to-point, Publish/subscribe.

3 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 3/28 Type of Client/Server Communications Type of Client/Server Communications It is necessary to distinguish: Transient versus persistent communication. Asynchronous versus synchronous communication.

4 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 4/28 Type of Client/Server Communications Remote procedure calls (RPC) Transient communication with synchronization after the request has been fully processed. Message-queuing systems (MQ) Type of Client/Server Communications Persistence in combination with synchronization at request submission.

5 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) RPCs allow one process to execute a procedure in another process as a local procedure with parameter passing and format translation. The calling process: o passes parameters in a message to the called process. o waits for the called process to reply. o accepts parameters back from the reply message. o resumes execution with the instruction following the call. Parts of a client and server code are generated from the procedure interface specification. Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 5/28

6 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Interface Definition Language (IDL) IDL describes a procedure interface in a languageneutral way, and is commonly used for describing of RPCs. IDL enables communication between software components that: are not coded in the same language for example C++ and Java, and/or run on different computers and operating systems. Software systems based on IDLs include: Open Group Distributed Computing Environment (DCE), Sun ONC RPC, IBM System Object Model, Object Management Group CORBA, Facebook Thrift, and WSDL for Web services. Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 6/28

7 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Synchronous vs. Asynchronous RPC Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 7/28 Essence: Try to get rid of the strict request-reply behavior, but let the client continue without waiting for an answer from the server. The interconnection between a client and a server in a traditional RPC The interaction using asynchronous RPC

8 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 8/28 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Variation: Deferred Synchronous RPC It can be thought of as either a kind of callback, or as interaction of two asynchronous RPCs. It could also do the interaction as one-way calls.

9 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 9/28 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Object-oriented extension of RPC. Remote Method Invocation (RMI) Objects are distributed in a network and has an unique identifier. Objects are registered in a name service, where the actual location of an object can be found. Examples: CORBA, DCOM, Web Services

10 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 10/28 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Web Services Web Services Web Services provides RPC on top of HTPP protocol (Web server). Can serve as an integration tool for different business applications across organization boundaries without regards to what each business uses as the internal platform

11 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 11/28 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Web Services Web Services Specifications for Web Services are defined as modules: SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol ), WSDL (Web Services Definition Language), UDDI (Universal Description Discovery and Integration). Basic platform is XML over HTTP

12 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 12/28 (Extensible Markup Language (XML) Simple markup, data description language (based on SGML). Human-readable. Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Web Services Customizable schema can be used to define atributes and elements. XML can be used to created custom XML-based languages and services. XML-based messages transported over HTTP serve as the basic platform for Web Services.

13 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 13/28 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) XML-based protocol defining message format. One-way asynchronous technology. Web Services Can use a variety of message passing styles: RPC, publish/subscribe. Primary underlying protocol is HTTP, but others can be used (SMTP).

14 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 14/28 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Web Services Definition Language (WSDL) XML-based language. Web Services Defines/describes Web services interfaces, data and message types, interaction patterns and protocol mappings.

15 Remote Procedure Calls (RPC) Web Services Universal Description Discovery and Integration (UDDI) Web Services Registry (of WSDL documents). Protocol for discovering and publishing Web Services. UDDI registry is accessed by XML-based SOAP messages. Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 15/28

16 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 16/28 Message Queueing (MQ) Message Queueing (MQ) Data is transferred between applications as a message. Mode Of Communication: Asynchronous Basic Components of MQ: 1.Message (Information that needs to be transferred) 2.Queue (A container used to store and distribute messages) Examples: IBM WebSphere MQ, TIBCO Rendezvous, Microsoft MSMQ, Java Message Service (JMS), RabbitMQ (in Erlang),...

17 Transaction Processing Monitors Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 17/28 Transaction Processing Monitors Transaction Processing Monitors are used for coordinating and monitoring the efforts of various application in a distributed environment. Products: Tuxedo, IBM CICS, Microsoft Transaction Server,...

18 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 18/28 Transaction Processing Monitors Property of Transactions Transaction is a collection of operations that should be treated as a single logical operation. To ensure reliable transactions ACID properties are needed

19 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 19/28 ACID properties: Transaction Processing Monitors Property of Transactions A: Atomicity: either the entire set of operations happens or none of it does. C: Consistency: the set of operations taken together should move the system from one consistent state to another. I: Isolation: even though multiple transactions may operate concurrently, there is a total order on all transactions. Stated another way: each transaction perceives the system as if no other transactions were running concurrently. D: Durability: even the face of a crash, once the system has said that a transaction completed, the results of the transaction must be permanent.

20 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 20/28 What is the Grid? What is the Grid? Grid is a virtual supercomputer consisting of (clusters of) loosely coupled machines, often heterogeneous and geographically distributed. Originally, Grid was applied for scientific problems with massive computational cost: o climate models, weather forecasts, o astronomy, o High-enery physics (e.g., Large Hadron Collider), o simulations in engineering, o targe-scale text analytics.

21 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 21/28 What is the Grid? What is the Grid? The Grid coordinates resources not controlled by a central instance, usually from (and used by users from) different administrative domains ( virtual organization ) clusters/computers, storage, databases, applications, measurement devices (telescopes), uses open, standardized protocols and interfaces authentification, authorization, resource finding, resource access provides non-trivial quality of service (QoS) guarantees response time, throughput, availability,

22 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 22/28 What is the Grid? Layered Grid Architecture Application Collective Resource Connectivity Fabric [Foster et al., The Anatomy of the Grid, 2001]

23 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 23/28 What is the Grid? Layered Grid Architecture Fabric: Provides inquiry about and access to resources (computers, storage, catalogues, code repositories, network resources, sensors) Connectivity: Communication and authentication (including single sign-on, delegation, ) protocols Resource: secure negotiation, initiation, monitoring, control, accounting, and payment of sharing operations on individual resources Collective: Global protocols for interactions across collections of resources (directory services, scheduling, monitoring, data replication, programming systems, workflow management, accounting, ) Application Collective Resource Connectivity Fabric

24 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 24/28 What is Cloud Computing? What is Cloud Computing? Cloud computing is location-independent computing, whereby shared servers provide resources, software, and data to computers and other devices on demand, as with the electricity grid. Cloud computing is a natural evolution of the widespread adoption of virtualization, service-oriented architecture and utility computing. Details are abstracted from consumers, who no longer have need for expertise in, or control over, the technology infrastructure "in the cloud" that supports them. Cloud computing describes a new supplement, consumption, and delivery model for IT services based on the Internet, and it typically involves over-the-internet provision of dynamically scalable and often virtualized resources. It is a byproduct and consequence of the ease-of-access to remote computing sites provided by the Internet.

25 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 25/28 What is Cloud Computing? The Software Stack and the Cloud SaaS: Software as a Service PaaS: Platform as a Service IaaS: Infrastructure as a Service Application Application Platform Infrastructure Traditional applications: everything local IaaS: infrastructure in the cloud, everything else local PaaS: application development & runtime in the cloud SaaS: software as is from the cloud

26 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 26/28 What is Cloud Computing? Service Value to Users Value visibility to end users SaaS PaaS IaaS Network admins users Application developers Salesforce.com, Google docs, services Microsoft Azure, Google App Engine Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3) Vision: Use applications just as we use electrical power

27 What is Cloud Computing? SaaS: Software as a Service Service Provider hosts application that multiple customers access over the Internet Sales, marketing, support, payroll, Goal: reduce total cost of ownership (TCO) Hardware and software ( capital expenditures ) Bandwidth, personnel, electricity ( operational exp. ) Most useful for small/medium businesses without own data center (and without knowledge in this area) Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 27/28

28 Jiří Kašpar, Pavel Tvrdík (ČVUT FIT) Distributed and Cloud Computing MI-POA, 2011, Lecture 12 28/28 Sources Hugh C. Lauer: Remote Procedure Call Practical Issues. %20Practical%20RPC.ppt Hongfei Yan: Distributed Systems Principles and Paradigms. Chapter 04: Communication. Andrew S. Tanenbaum: Communication/2.4 Message-Oriented Communication Christophe Bisciglia, Aaron Kimball, & Sierra Michels-Slettvet: Distributed Computing Seminar: Lecture 3: Distributed Filesystems Don Towsley: Middleware. Sources Katja Hose, Ralf Schenkel: Grid and Cloud

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