Deadlocks. Minsoo Ryu. Real-Time Computing and Communications Lab. Hanyang University.

Transcription

1 Deadlocks Minsoo Ryu Real-Time Computing and Communications Lab. Hanyang University

2 Topics Covered System Model Deadlock Characterization Methods for Handling Deadlocks Deadlock Prevention Deadlock Avoidance Deadlock Detection Recovery from Deadlock 2 2

3 The Deadlock Problem A set of blocked processes each holding a resource and waiting to acquire a resource held by another process in the set Example System has 2 tape drives P 1 and P 2 each hold one tape drive and each needs another one Example semaphores A and B, initialized to 1 P 0 P 1 wait (A); wait(b) wait (B); wait(a) 3 3

4 Bridge Crossing Example Traffic only in one direction Each section of a bridge can be viewed as a resource If a deadlock occurs, it can be resolved if one car backs up (preempt resources and rollback) Several cars may have to be backed up if a deadlock occurs Starvation is possible 4 4

5 System Model Resource types R 1, R 2,..., R m CPU cycles, memory space, I/O devices Each resource type R i has W i instances Each process utilizes a resource as follows: request use release 5 5

6 Deadlock Characterization Deadlock can arise if four conditions hold simultaneously Mutual exclusion: only one process at a time can use a resource Hold and wait: a process holding at least one resource is waiting to acquire additional resources held by other processes No preemption: resources cannot be preempted; a resource can be released only voluntarily by the process holding it, after that process has completed its task Circular wait: there exists a set {P0, P1, P2,, Pn} of waiting processes such that P0 is waiting for a resource that is held by P 1, P 1 is waiting for a resource that is held by P2,, P(n-1) is waiting for a resource that is held by Pn, and Pn is waiting for a resource that is held by P0 6 6

7 Resource-Allocation Graph A set of vertices V and a set of edges E V is partitioned into two types: P = {P 1, P 2,, P n }, the set consisting of all the processes in the system R = {R 1, R 2,, R m }, the set consisting of all resource types in the system Request edge Directed edge P 1 R j Assignment edge Directed edge R j P i 7 7

8 Resource-Allocation Graph (Cont.) Process Resource Type with 4 instances P i requests instance of R j P i P i is holding an instance of R j R j P i R j 8 8

9 Example of Resource-Allocation Graph 9 9

10 Resource Allocation Graph With A Deadlock 10 10

11 Resource Allocation Graph With A Cycle But No Deadlock 11 11

12 Basic Facts If graph contains no cycles no deadlock If graph contains a cycle if only one instance per resource type, then deadlock if several instances per resource type, possibility of deadlock 12 12

13 Methods for Handling Deadlocks Ensure that the system will never enter a deadlock state Deadlock prevention Allow the system to enter a deadlock state and then recover Deadlock avoidance Deadlock detection and recovery Ignore the problem and pretend that deadlocks never occur in the system; used by most operating systems, including UNIX 13 13

14 Deadlock Prevention Mutual Exclusion not required for sharable resources; must hold for nonsharable resources Nonsharable resource: printer, Sharable resource: read-only files In general, we cannot prevent deadlocks by denying the mutual exclusion condition Some resources are intrinsically nonsharable Hold and Wait must guarantee that whenever a process requests a resource, it does not hold any other resources Require process to request and be allocated all its resources before it begins execution, or allow process to request resources only when the process has none Low resource utilization; starvation possible 14 14

15 Deadlock Prevention (Cont.) No Preemption If a process that is holding some resources requests another resource that cannot be immediately allocated to it, then all resources currently being held are released Preempted resources are added to the list of resources for which the process is waiting Process will be restarted only when it can regain its old resources, as well as the new ones that it is requesting Circular Wait impose a total ordering of all resource types, and require that each process requests resources in an increasing order of enumeration 15 15

16 Deadlock Avoidance Requires that the system has some additional a priori information available Resources currently available Resources currently allocated each process Future requests and releases of each process Simplest and most useful model requires that each process declare the maximum number of resources of each type that it may need Maximum number of resources of each type that may be requested for each process The deadlock-avoidance algorithm dynamically examines the resource-allocation state to ensure that there can never be a circular-wait condition 16 16

17 Safe State A state is safe If the system can allocate resources to each process in some order and still avoid a deadlock Only if there exists a safe sequence of processes A sequence of processes <P1, P2,, Pn> is safe If, for each Pi, the resources that Pi can still request can be satisfied by the currently available resources plus the resources held by all the Pj, with j < i If the resources that Pi needs are not immediately available, then Pi can wait until all Pj have finished When Pj have finished, Pi can obtain needed resources, execute, return allocated resources, and terminate When Pi terminates, P(i+1) can obtain its needed resources, and so on 17 17

18 Basic Facts If a system is in safe state no deadlocks If a system is in unsafe state possibility of deadlock Avoidance ensure that a system will never enter an unsafe state 18 18

19 Safe, Unsafe, Deadlock State 19 19

20 Example Consider 12 magnetic tape drivers and 3 processes Maximum Needs Current Assignment (t0) P P1 4 2 P2 9 2 There exists a safe sequence <P1, P0, P2> There are 3 free tape drivers P1 can be immediately allocated all its tape drivers (2 + 2) After P1 returns 4 tape drivers (5 free tape drivers) P0 then can get all its resources (5 + 5) After P0 returns 10 tape drivers (10 free tape drivers) P2 then can get all its resources (2 + 7) 20 20

21 Deadlock Detection What if a system does not employ either a deadlockprevention or a deadlock-avoidance algorithm? The system must provide Detection algorithm that examines the state of the system to determine whenever a deadlock has occurred Recovery scheme 21 21

22 Single Instance of Each Resource Type Wait-for graph Nodes are processes P i P j if P i is waiting for P j We can obtain this graph from the resource allocation graph By removing the nodes of type resource and collapsing the appropriate edges Invoke an algorithm that searches for a cycle in the graph 22 22

23 Resource-Allocation Graph and Wait-for Graph Resource-Allocation Graph Corresponding wait-for graph 23 23

24 Several Instances of a Resource Type Available: A vector of length m indicates the number of available resources of each type Allocation: An n x m matrix defines the number of resources of each type currently allocated to each process Request: An n x m matrix indicates the current request of each process. If Request [i j ] = k, then process P i is requesting k more instances of resource type R j 24 24

25 Detection Algorithm 1. Let Work and Finish be vectors of length m and n, respectively Initialize: (a) Work = Available (b) For i = 1,2,, n, if Allocation i 0, then Finish[i] = false; otherwise, Finish[i] = true 2. Find an index i such that both: (a) Finish[i] == false (b) Request i Work If no such i exists, go to step 4 3. Work = Work + Allocation i Finish[i] = true go to step 2 4. If Finish[i] == false, for some i, 1 i n, then the system is in deadlock state Moreover, if Finish[i] == false, then P i is deadlocked 25 25

26 Detection-Algorithm Usage When, and how often, to invoke depends on: How often a deadlock is likely to occur? How many processes will be affected by deadlock when it happens? When should we run the algorithm? Every time a request for allocation cannot be granted immediately At less infrequent intervals Once per hour (periodically) Whenever CPU utilization drops below 40 percent 26 26

27 Recovery from Deadlock: Process Termination Abort all deadlocked processes Abort one process at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated In which order should we choose to abort? Priority of the process How long process has computed, and how much longer to completion Resources the process has used Resources process needs to complete How many processes will need to be terminated Is process interactive or batch? 27 27

28 Recovery from Deadlock: Resource Preemption Selecting a victim minimize cost Rollback return to some safe state, restart process for that state Starvation same process may always be picked as victim, include number of rollback in cost factor 28 28