Workshop on LaTeX. Outline. Muhammad Mostafa Monowar 11/13/2017

Transcription

1 Workshop on LaTeX Muhammad Mostafa Monowar Outline Part-1: Basics Part-2: How to Typeset a document? Part-3: Thesis Fundamentals Part-4: Creating Presentation 1

2 Part-1: Basics Why do I need LaTeX? Free Software Mathematical typesetting is easier No worries about setting the font size and styles again and again Because I am tired of figures and tables jumping from here and there Because I want my sections and subsections auto-numbered Because I am tired of fixing my References Because my fingers are tired with a click-find-click approach Latex allows you to clearly separate the content from the format of your document And many more 2

3 What all I have to do? Remember the basic structure of a document Remember a few macros What if I wanted to type this in my document or Maybe a schematic Or a Lemma 3

4 Background Part of LaTeX is the program TEX, which came first in 1978, developed by Donald Knuth Leslie Lamport extended the software to LaTeX TEX is pronounced Tech as the final X is the Greek letter chi LaTeX stands for Lamport TEX and is pronounced as Lay-Tech A LaTeX document starts as a file which has special markup characters (similar to HTML) Drawbacks of LaTeX a) More moving parts b) Difficult to remember commands c) Preview delay d) Syntax errors e) Adding new font 4

5 What do I need? Latex Compiler MiKTex is a free compiler for windows. Download the package from: Latex Editor LED ( We will use this editor) TexWorks WinEdt Preliminaries The LaTeX code is written in a.tex file LaTeX package compiles the file to produce PDF, DVI or PS files LaTeX document is a plain text file with required commands and environments. All commands start with a \. E.g.., \section, \label, etc. LaTeX command names are case-sensitive. A command may be followed by zero, one, or more arguments. These arguments may be either required or optional. Required arguments are contained in curly braces, {...}. Optional arguments are contained in square brackets, [...]. % Quick comment - anything after % doesn t show-up in final document 5

6 Part-2: How to Typeset a document? The main parts of a LateX Document The Preamble Style or class of a document Packages to be used Macro definitions The Body Sections and subsections Tables and figures Body text 6

7 The Preamble Some basics in the Preamble Commonly used Document Classes documentclass for layout and sectioning Article: Ideal for a short paper (divided into sections, subsections, etc, also for miscellaneous general use. Book: Full-length books, including chapters and possibly including front matter, such as a preface, and back matter, such as an appendix Report: For documents of length between an article and a book, such as technical reports or theses, which may contain several chapters. Other classes include letter, slides, beamer, etc. 7

8 The Preamble We shall use the base class article \documentclass{article} Want A4 paper size? Two-sided document? Add OPTIONS \documentclass[a4paper,twoside]{article} Some options: landscape, onecolumn, twocolumn. Order of options is unimportant Packages Packages are included to support different functionalities: To get mathematical symbols, functions, etc., to include a figure in the document, to change a default font, and so on... a set of LaTex commands stored in a file with extension.sty Command : \usepackage{package} Example: Geometry Package->for page layout \usepackage[top=2cm,bottom=4cm,left=1.5cm, right=3cm]{geometry} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts} \usepackage{times, graphicx} To automatically update the package go to the MikTex2.9- >Maintenance->MikTex Package Manager. From the Repository menu choose Change Package Repository and choose a repository from which the package will be installed automatically. 8

9 The Body Start with \begin{document} The matter to type set are typed (The content) End with \end{document} Output Files Two output files:.dvi - Produces DeVice Independent file with extension.dvi while invoked with system command LaTeX. It is not human-readable, consists of binary data not reliant on specific image format, display hardware or printer. You can view it through a DVI viewer, convert it into Postscript or PDF..pdf While invoked via system command pdflatex, the main output is a Portable Document Format (PDF) file. Two additional files:.log Contains summary information such as list of loaded packages, includes diagnostic messages etc..aux - Auxiliary information is used by LaTeX for things such as cross references. 9

10 Let s write the first LaTeX document Start Editor Type Save RUN View \documentclass[a4paper,twosi de]{article} \usepackage[top=2cm,bottom =4cm,left=1.5cm,right=3cm]{ge ometry} \begin{document} This is my first \LaTeX document \end{document} Exercise-01 Create your first LaTeX document. Compile it using LaTeX command and view the.dvi file using Yap viewer. Convert the file into PDF and open it. Compile the doc using PDFLaTeX command and open the pdf file. 10

11 Title Page Option Top Matter \documentclass[titlepage]{article} \begin{document} \title{how to Start a Latex File or whatever you want to call you paper} \author{your Name\\ Faculty of Computing and Information Technology\\ King AbdulAziz University, KSA\\} \date{\today} [titlepage] option creates a separate page for the title The \\ double backslashes indicate a new line \date{you can put anything here} \maketitle, to create the title \maketitle this is a test \end{document} Exercise-02 Add the title, author and date in your created document. Compile the document and see the changes. 11

12 Adding the Abstract: \begin{abstract} This abstract is just 6 words long \end{abstract} Exercise-03 Prepare an abstract in your document 12

13 Sectioning Sectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units: \part \chapter (report and book class only) \section \subsection \subsubsection \paragraph \subparagraph All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g.,\section[optional]{title}. You may not want the same text in (table-of-content, running header) as in the main text. An optional argument when given, specifies the text for these other places. All sectioning commands have *-forms that print title as usual, but do not include a number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For instance: \section*{preamble} Exercise-04 Add to your document three sections, a few subsections, and a subsubsection. Change your document class as book and add three chapters. In every chapter add 2 section and one subsection in each section. Add two paragraphs and one subparagraph in any of the paragraph. 13

14 Cross-Referencing It may be required to refer a section or subsection or any sectional unit such as figures, chapters, equations, tables etc. in the body of the text. Use \label{section-label} to define a label to a sectional unit. To cross refer a section or subsection having label section-label Use \ref{section-label} at the appropriate place. It does not produce any text, such as the word Section or Figure, just the bare number itself. Although the name can be more or less anything, a common convention is to use labels consisting of a prefix and a suffix separated by a colon or period. Some commonly-used prefixes: ch- for chapters sec- for lower-level sectioning commands fig- for figures tab- for tables eq- for equations Example: \section{methods} \label{sec:meth} The detailed descriptions are provided in Section \ref{sec:meth}. Exercise-05 Label one of the chapters, one of the sections and one of the subsections you created and cross refer to it in the body in some other section. 14

15 \begin{document} This is a sample to illustrates how \LaTeX\ treats space. \end{document} I Want Some Space! What happens? Basically, all the spacing is ignored, except new paragraph indent I \hspace{2in} like \hspace{1in} space. In every direction. \vspace{.5in} \hspace horizontal spacing of your choice \vspace vertical spacing of your choice, need line space after command This line will be in a paragraph. And this line will be in the same paragraph. This line is in a new paragraph.. LaTeX will put lines which are next to each other into the same paragraph. To start a new paragraph, enter a blank line. \\ \newline \pagebreak Using \\ forces a line beak \\ Using \pagebreak to force a page break There are more space options I Want Some Space! Line spacing can be set to single line, one and a half line, double line spacings, and any other customized spacings. In the preamble, use \usepackage{setspace}... and in the body write any one: \singlespacing \onehalfspacing \doublspacing \setstretch{1.1} 15

16 Exercise-06 Type some text in any of the sections you created and see the effect of both horizontal and vertical spacing, line break, paragraph break and page break. Observe the effect of different line spacing in the whole document. Color your Text In your preamble, add the following line \usepackage{color} %this gives about 16 colour options Therefore, we can have red coloured text, and a blue coloured text, and back to the black colour, by [Therefore, we can have {\color{red}red coloured text}, and a {\color{blue}blue coloured text}, and back to the black colour.] 16

17 Exercise-07 Observe the effect of different color of your text. Different font size Font Size and Style When I was born, I was {\tiny tiny}. When I got older, I thought some day I would be {\Huge huge}. But instead, {\small I'm still small.} From smallest to largest \tiny \scriptsize \footnotesize \small \normalsize \large \Large \LARGE \huge \Huge Styles \emph{text} italicizes the text \textbf{text} bold face \underline{text} - underline - And on and on Different font style: When something is \emph{really}, \textbf{really} important, you can \underline{underline it}. If you \underline{\textbf{\emph{must do all three}}}, then you can nest them. 17

18 Exercise-08 Change the size of different text. Experiment with different font styles. Justification - Centering, etc. We can center text using - \begin{center} I m Well Balanced \end{center} We can justify it left or right with - \begin{flushleft} I feel skewed \end{flushleft} \begin{flushright} I feel off center \end{flushright} 18

19 Exercise-09 Arrange the text with left justified, centered and right justified. Itemize list If I want a list with bullets \begin{itemize} \item This is first item \item This is second item \end{itemize} If I want a list with numbers \begin{enumerate} \item This is first item \item This is second item \end{enumerate} If I want a list with titles of my choice \begin{description} \item[1st option] This is first item \item[2nd option] This is second item \end{description} The items can be nested up to four levels deep 19

20 Exercise-10 Create the following list. Footnote The footnote can be given using the following command: \footnote[number]{text} The optional argument number allows you to specify the footnote number. If you use this option then the footnote number counter is not incremented, and if you do not use it then the counter is incremented. Ex: There are over a thousand footnotes in Gibbon s \textit{decline and Fall of the Roman Empire}.\footnote{After reading an early version with endnotes David Hume complained, One is also plagued with his Notes, according to the present Method of printing the Book and suggested that they only to be printed at the Margin or the Bottom of the Page. } 20

21 Exercise-10 Create some footnotes Let s Play with mathematics typesetting There are two kinds of math used in LATEX. Inline math Inline formulae are surrounded by dollar signs, $, Display math display formulae use \[ and \] or $$. A formula may be typeset \emph{inline}, such as $x$ is a real variable, and $f(z) = e^z$ is an analytic function. More complex formula can be typeset in \emph{display style}: \[ H(a, r) = \sum_{n = 0}^\infty ar^n = \frac{a}{1-r}. \] 21

22 Let s Play with mathematics typesetting Math formulae use carets, ^, for superscripts and underscores,, for subscripts. Other math notation use commands, such as \frac{..}{..} for fractions, \sum for the summation symbol. You can get Greek letters using $\alpha, \beta, \gamma, \ldots$, to give α, β, γ, Simply Math Formulas 2 x Let s Play with mathematics typesetting $x^2$ x $\sqrt{x}$ x 2 n 2 x x n 2 x n 2 n 2 $x_2$ $x^{n+2}$ $x_{n+2}$ $x_{n+2}^{n+2}$ 6 n 3 x 2 y t 0 xdx $\sqrt[6]{n+3}$ $\frac{x^2}{y}$ $\int^t_0 xdx$ 0 n n $ \sum_{n=0}^\infty n$ xdx $\int xdx$ 22

23 Spacing in Math Mode as well as regular mode \, a small space \: a medium space ~ A medium space \; a large space \quad a really large space \qquad a huge space \! a negative space (moves things back to the left) $$ \begin{aligned} x+y \\ x+\,y \\ x+~ y \\ x+\:y \\ x+\;y\\ x+\quad y\\ x+\qquad y \\ x+\!y \\ \end{aligned} $$ Numbered Equations Let s Play with mathematics typesetting Numbered equations can be typeset by using \begin{equation} \label{eq:1} R(x,y) = \frac{ax^3+bx^2+cx+d}{ey^3 + Fy + G} \end{equation} Equation \ref{eq:1} can be used to find out.. It will assign a number to the equation. Assign a label to the equation and refer it anywhere. Equation 1 can be used to find out.. 23

24 Let s Play with mathematics typesetting Equation Array Numbered equations can be typeset by using \begin{eqnarray} \varphi=\sqrt[10]{\frac{a}{b}} \label {eq1}\\ \lim {x \rightarrow 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1 \label{eq3} \end{eqnarray} Using amsmath package Let s Play with mathematics typesetting provides various features for displayed equations and other mathematical constructs. Some example: 24

25 Let s Play with mathematics typesetting Array Arrays are created using \begin{array}{justification} and \end{array} {justification} possible for array elements are: {l}:- for left aligned column {c}:- for centre aligned column {r}:- for right aligned column This environment can only be used in math mode Array Let s Play with mathematics typesetting \[ \left( \begin{array}{ r c l} \Gamma \alpha_i & \beta & \gamma\\ a&ab&abcd \\ 1&123&3 \\ \end{array} \right) \] 25

26 Some useful links regarding Math typesetting Exercise-11 Typeset the following mathematical terms: 26

27 Creating Tables Tables are created using \begin{table}[position] and \caption{table caption } \label{table-label} \end{table} Creating Tables Table is a class of floats. Because they cannot be split across pages, they are not typeset in sequence with the normal text but instead are floated to a convenient place, such as the top of a following page. [position] possible for tables are: [h]:- for position exactly at this place (here) [t]:- for top of the page in which the table comes [b]:- for bottom of the page in which the table comes Usually \tabular environment is used to define the column alignments 27

28 Creating Tables Will Produce \begin{table} \begin{tabular}{ r l c } \hline Roll No. & Name & Grade \\ \hline 0123 & Muhammad & AA \\ \hline 0124 & Ahmed & AB \\ \hline \end{tabular} \caption{first Table}\label{first-table} \end{table} Creating Tables Will Produce \begin{table} \centering % Works line a center Environment \begin{tabular}{ r l c }\hline Roll No. & Name & Grade \\ \hline 0123 & Sazid & AA \\ \hline 0124 & Ali & AB \\ \hline \end{tabular}\caption{second Table}\label{Second-table}\end{table} 28

29 Exercise-12 Create the following tables: Let s Play with Figures First Create the Graphic using a software package. If you are using LaTeX plus dvips to produce your final output, you should save the graphic as encapsulated PostScript (eps), the only acceptable format. If you are using pdflatex (which produces a pdf file directly), acceptable formats are pdf, jpeg, or png, but not eps. Two packages for importing graphics: graphics and graphicx. Recommended is graphicx as it is an extended package and provides more convenient method of supplying parameters. First step is to put in your preamble the command: \usepackage{graphicx} 29

30 Let s Play with Figures Figures are included by \begin{figure}[position] \centering \includegrapics[size]{figure file name} \caption{figure caption} \label{figure-label} \end{figure} Or \begin{figure*}[position] \centering \includegrapics[size]{figure file name} \caption{figure caption} \label{figure-label} \end{figure*} The starred form figure* is used when a document is in doublecolumn mode. It produces a figure that spans both columns, at the top of the page. Let s Play with Figures \includegraphics, which allows you to specify the name of the graphic file as well as supply optional arguments for scaling or rotating. The most commonly used arguments are: width: scale graphic to the specified width (aspect ratio preserved) height: scale graphic to the specified height (aspect ratio preserved) scale: scale graphic by scale factor. (scale=2 makes the graphic twice as large as its natural size; scale=.5 makes it half as large.) angle: rotate graphic by specified number of degrees. A positive number indicates the counter-clockwise direction. (angle=90 rotates 90 degrees counter-clockwise.) 30

31 Let s Play with Figures Example: \begin{figure}[b] \centering \includegraphics[width=3in]{figures/figure1.eps} \caption{a pie chart} \label{fig:piechart} \end{figure} \begin{figure}[b] \centering \includegraphics[angle=90,width=\textwidth]{figures/figure1.eps} \caption{a pie chart} \label{fig:piechart} \end{figure} Let s Play with Figures Subfigures: If you want to divide a figure into many smaller parts, use the \subfigure command. First you add the following package in the preamble: \usepacakge{subfigure} \begin{figure} \centering \subfigure[first caption] { \includegraphics[width=1.0in]{figures/figure1.eps} \label{fig_firstsub} } \\ \subfigure[second caption] { \includegraphics[width=1.0in]{i Figures/figure2.eps} \label{fig_secondsub} } \subfigure[third caption] { \includegraphics[width=1.0in]{figures/figure3eps} \label{fig_thirdsub} } \caption{common figure caption.} \label{fig_subfigures} \end{figure} 31

32 Exercise-13 Add an figure of any kind to your document. Again add a caption and reference. Try to include the graphics with both LaTeX+DVIPS and PDFLATEX. Change the size of the figure and see the effect. Add four subfigures in a Figure. Writing Algorithm Typesetting using algorithmic package Provides two environments: algorithmic and algorithm The general structure: \begin{algorithm} \caption{<your caption for this algorithm>} \label{<your label for references later in your document>} \begin{algorithmic} <algorithmic environment> \end{algorithmic} \end{algorithm} 32

33 Writing Algorithm The simple statement takes the form \STATE <text> Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic}[1] \STATE $S \leftarrow 0$ \end{algorithmic} Writing Algorithm The if-then-else construct takes the forms: \IF{<condition>} <text> \ENDIF \IF{<condition>} <text1> \ELSE <text2> \ENDIF \IF{<condition1>} <text1> \ELSIF{<condition2>} <text2> \ELSE <text3> \ENDIF Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic} \IF{some condition is true} \STATE do some processing \ELSIF{some other condition is true} \STATE do some different processing \ELSIF{some even more bizarre condition is met} \STATE do something else \ELSE \STATE do the default actions \ENDIF \end{algorithmic} 33

34 Writing Algorithm The for loop takes two forms. Namely: \FOR{<condition>} <text> \ENDFOR \FORALL{<condition>} <text> \ENDFOR Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic} \FOR{$i=0$ to $10$} \STATE carry out some processing \ENDFOR \end{algorithmic} Writing Algorithm The for loop takes two forms. Namely: \FOR{<condition>} <text> \ENDFOR \FORALL{<condition>} <text> \ENDFOR Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic}[1] \FORALL{$i$ such that $0\leq i\leq 10$} \STATE carry out some processing \ENDFOR \end{algorithmic} 34

35 Writing Algorithm The repeat-until loop takes the form. \REPEAT <text> \UNTIL{<condition>} Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic} \REPEAT \STATE carry out some processing \UNTIL{some condition is met} \end{algorithmic} Writing Algorithm The algorithmic environment offers a special statement for explicitly returning values in algorithms. It has the syntax: \RETURN <text> Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic} \RETURN $(x+y)/2$ \end{algorithmic} 35

36 Writing Algorithm The algorithmic environment offers a standard way printing values. \PRINT <text> Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic} \PRINT \texttt{ Hello, World! } \end{algorithmic} Writing Algorithm Comments may be inserted at most points in an algorithm using the form: \COMMENT{<text>} Ex: Produces: \begin{algorithmic} \STATE do something \COMMENT{this is a comment} \end{algorithmic} 36

37 Exercise-14 Write the following algorithm: Theorem, Corollary, Lemma Numbered environments in LaTeX can be defined by means of the command \newtheorem Three ways of definition: \newtheorem{theorem}{theorem}[section] \newtheorem{corollary}{corollary}[theorem] \newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{lemma} 37

38 Theorem, Corollary, Lemma Ex: \begin{theorem}[pythagorean theorem] \label{pythagorean} This is a theorema about right triangles and can be summarised in the next equation \[ x^2 + y^2 = z^2 \] \end{theorem} And a consequence of theorem \ref{pythagorean} is the statement in the next corollary. \begin{corollary} There's no right rectangle whose sides measure 3cm, 4cm, and 6cm. \end{corollary} You can reference theorems such as \ref{pythagorean} when a label is assigned. \begin{lemma} Given two line segments whose lengths are $a$ and $b$ respectively there is a real number $r$ such that $b=ra$. \end{lemma} Theorem, Corollary, Lemma Produces 38

39 Referencing and citation A bibliographic style file (a.bst file) - usually provided by the Journal. The common one ieee.bst file. A bibliographic file (a.bib file) to be created by the LaTeX user. Use and search for the paper you want to cite Click on the cite and then click on BibTeX Copy the whole text. Open the LED and from the file menu choose new- >bibliography file in BibTeX format. Give a file name, choose the location and then save it. Paste the copied bibtex into the.bib file. To cite in the text use the following command: \cite{articleid} Exercise-15 Randomly collect at least five reference of technical papers in any field of Computer Science and IT. Create the bibliography and cite in anywhere in the document 39