Getting started General Tables Figures Math Wrap up. UCLA Department of Statistics Statistical Consulting Center. LaTeX Bootcamp

Transcription

1 UCLA Department of Statistics Statistical Consulting Center Mine Çetinkaya September 20, 2010

2 Outline 1 Getting started 2 General 3 Tables 4 Figures 5 Math 6 Wrap up

3 1 Getting started 2 General 3 Tables 4 Figures 5 Math 6 Wrap up

4 Installing LaTeX Mac Installation: Download MacTeX, which can be found on mactex/. LaTeX can then be accessed via the program TeXShop, which is included in this installation. Windows Installation: Download protext, which can be found on protext 1. LaTeX can be accessed via TeXnicCenter, which is included in this installation. Both the MacTeX and protext downloads are very large: 1.2GB and 540MB, respectively. The interfaces for Macs and PCs are different, however, the LaTeX code works for both. 1 Another option (Winshell and MikTeX)

5 Opening TeXShop Finder Applications TeX TeXShop

6 Creating a basic document Open a file: Use File New or command-n (apple-n) to open a new document if one isn t already open. Templates: Choose the LatexTemplate.

7 Creating a basic document Update the \title, \author, and then type a sentence above the last line, i.e. type right above \end{document}. Create a folder on the desktop and then save this file into that folder.

8 Typesetting / Compiling Hit command-t or click the Typeset button in the upper left corner of the window. After typesetting, double-click on the PDF page to magnify. Try triple-clicking... and quadruple-clicking.

9 Extra files Typesetting creates a bunch of other files. While each of these files has a purpose, only one file - in addition to the original LaTeX file - is of interest: the PDF. As more methods of LaTeX are used, this list of LaTeX output files might grow... but again, they (except the.tex and.pdf files) can just be ignored for the vast majority of LaTeX use.

10 Console When the code was typeset, two windows popped up. The console tells you what LaTeX is doing when it runs through the document. If there is an error (or just something LaTeX doesn t like), the console will tell you. If the error is critical, LaTeX will stop compiling: While it is always good to fix the problem immediately (hit ), some errors can be ignored by hitting return on the keyboard.

11 Errors are inevitable Errors are inevitable with LaTeX, and they are common. To help identify errors, it is recommended that you compile frequently to verify your output matches what you anticipated. (You can continue working while a document compiles.) Common errors that will make more sense as we go along... Misspelling a command Not escaping special characters Not balancing {braces} Not balancing $ s Not balancing out beginning/ending environments (e.g. \begin{document} and \end{document})

12 Commenting What s with all the red (or gray in Windows)? These are comments, which is writing that will be ignored by LaTeX. Comments are made by using the percent symbol: %. Any text following a % on that line only will be ignored by LaTeX.

13 Dual screens In TeXShop, there is also the option to have dual screens by clicking on the icon to the right of Templates: This can be very useful when writing or editing a long document.

14 Example template Download the zipped folder for at scc.stat.ucla.edu/ mini-courses Unzip the file (on a Mac, double-click). latextemp s notable contents: Sample document (latextemp) figures folder a figure called lower40.pdf tryit folder: outputs of practice problems latextemp.tex follows the most of this presentation and is filled with examples and extra comments. Open this file now.

15 1 Getting started 2 General Header section Sections and subsections Paragraphs Fonts Lists Practice 3 Tables 4 Figures 5 Math 6 Wrap up

16 Header section Document type The first command in every LaTeX document is the \documentclass command, which basically says what kind of document you are making. \documentclass[11pt]{article} The default is the article class. Other classes: letter, beamer (presentations), book. Examples and help can be found online for these other classes. Alter [11pt] to change the default font size for the document, if desired.

17 Header section Packages Packages supply extra features and are generally free. They are always loaded at the start of the document. \usepackage{geometry} \geometry{letterpaper} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{epstopdf} \usepackage{amsmath} \usepackage{color} Many common packages are included in a LaTeX installations, however, many other packages are not. Additional packages can be downloaded and installed, as needed (we won t cover this).

18 Sections and subsections Sections and subsections Documents are often broken up into sections and subsections, and this hierarchy will automatically be numbered by LaTeX. \section{general} \subsection{header section} Note: It is possible to customize the numbering.

19 Paragraphs Paragraphs To end a paragraph and create a new one, do a double enter and this creates a line break. To put an extra line space between paragraphs, use the \\ command followed by a double line break in the.tex document.

20 Paragraphs Indentation and space Indentation: To create an indent use \indent, and to prevent an indent use \noindent. Indenting can be suppressed via \setlength{\parindent}{0in}. Space: To create horizontal space, use \hspace{1cm}. Similarly, follow the \\ command followed by the \vspace{0.5cm} command to create some extra vertical space.

21 Fonts Playing with the font Emphasize (italicize): Use the command \emph, e.g. \emph{emphasize}, to emphasize (italicize) a single word. More manipulation: Text can also be bolded via \textbf or colored via {\color{red}colored} (need package color). Font can be made to look typewriterish via \texttt. Font size: Text can also be made tiny, scriptsize, footnotesize, small, large, Large, LARGE, etc. using \tiny, \scriptsize, etc.

22 Lists Lists Lists can be created via \begin{itemize} \item Spacing \item Text \item Macros \end{itemize} which results in a bulleted list such as the following: Spacing Text Macros A couple additional examples are in latextemp.tex.

23 Practice Practice

24 1 Getting started 2 General 3 Tables Practice 4 Figures 5 Math 6 Wrap up

25 Basic tables Tables are created in the tabular environment. The {lcr} gives the alignment. The ampersands (&) are used to define when to go to the next column. \begin{tabular}{lcr} Left & Center & Right \\ 1 & 2 & 3 \\ \end{tabular} The \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new row. The result: Left Center Right 1 2 3

26 Centering and adding lines Building the table up: The result: To center a table, create a centered environment around the table: Estimate Std. Error t value Pr(> t ) (Intercept) x

27 Practice Practice

28 1 Getting started 2 General 3 Tables 4 Figures 5 Math 6 Wrap up

29 Centering and adding lines Add figures using the \includegraphics command. The first file is stored in the same folder as the LaTeX file. The second is a couple folders away. The files and folder names used should have no spaces. [height=1.0in] is an optional argument to control the figure size.

30 Adding a caption and referencing A floating figure can have a caption and reference. The \label command must come after the \caption command for the reference to work properly. Figure \ref{figuretemplate} is where to find your figure template. Note: Similar code can be used for referencing tables as well.

31 Keeping organized Some tips to keeping organized when using LaTeX: One LaTeX document per folder. When choosing a \label name for a figure, have it match the figure file name. Organize figure files into folders. If you use code to produce a figure, save it to the same folder as the figure and with the same name (but a different extension, of course). Remember, no spaces in file or folder names.

32 Practice Insert the figure called tryit3 into your document. Note: From

33 1 Getting started 2 General 3 Tables 4 Figures 5 Math Inserting math Mathematics and symbols Final items 6 Wrap up

34 Math in LaTeX We will cover several aspects of the mathematics environments offered in LaTeX. Basic mathematics in text Different equation environments Mathematical symbols Mathematical expressions Accenting and modifying text Automatic sizing of bracket symbols Text in mathematical equations Arrays and matrices

35 Inserting math Inserting math into text LaTeX makes it easy to add Greek letters like α, ζ, µ, etc. into text. In the same way, equations can be added easily as well: y = x 3, z j, x x n. The $ signs tell LaTeX when to switch into or out of math mode. For instance, to create α above, type $\alpha$. How can we create β?

36 Inserting math Equation array Some equations are long and should be on their on lines. In such a case, use the eqnarray or eqnarray* environments: 0.5 k = k= = 2

37 Inserting math Equation referencing Use eqnarray (no asterisk) to add an equation number: \label{powerseries} can be put inside the equation array and then be referenced via \ref{eqn:powerseries}. The result: text text text k = k=0 As seen in equation (1) above, = 2 (1)

38 Inserting math Aligned equations Another environment, align (and align*) are handy for aligning multiline equations. The result: (a + b) 3 = (a + b)(a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ) = a 3 + 3a 2 b + 3ab 2 + b 3 Q: If we want to number the equation, what should we do?

39 Mathematics and symbols Panels It may not difficult to learn and remember all the math syntax and a good help source is the LaTeX and Matrix Panels: The Matrix Panel is especially useful since matrices can require a lot of writing. The LaTeX panel is handy as a quick reference.

40 Mathematics and symbols Some symbols Here is a very small subset of the symbols available in LaTeX. $\leftarrow$ $\Leftarrow$ $\leftrightarrow $\geq$ $\neq$ $\not\in$ $\partial$ $\oint$ $\nabla$ $\bigcap$ $\bigcup$ $\cap$ $\subset$ $\supseteq$ $\not\supseteq$ $\bigodot$ $\bigotimes$ $\oplus$ $\clubsuit$ $\perp$ $\vdash$ For a searchable PDF with thousands of symbols, see tex-archive/ info/ symbols/ comprehensive/ symbols-a4.pdf Also see the LaTeX Panel (under the menu item Window).

41 Mathematics and symbols Character modifications Text and symbols in math mode can also be modified. Regular Modified Accents $R$ R $\mathbb{r}$ R $\tilde{r}$ R $A$ A $\mathcal{a}$ A $\widetilde{a}$ Ã $x$ x $\mathbf{x}$ x $\bar{x}$ x $p$ p $\mathit{p}$ p $\hat{p}$ ˆp $X$ X $\mathrm{x}$ X $\widehat{x}$ X Two other accents: ẋ and ẍ via $\dot{x}$ and $\ddot{x}$.

42 Mathematics and symbols Subscripts and exponents We can create subscripts (e.g. x 1 ) and superscripts (e.g. 3 2 ): When the subscript is a single character, then it is acceptable to omit the curly braces. That is, the following is equally acceptable for the text above: If more than one character is in the sub/superscript, braces are necessary to avoid problems: $2 10$ outputs Sub and superscripts can be used simultaneously: x 2 ij.

43 Mathematics and symbols Fractions and roots We can easily create fractions such as = 9 and 4 81 = = 5 9 or roots such as And we can combine them as well: = 5 9.

44 Mathematics and symbols Sums and integrals We can also create sums and integrals: which results in i=0 p i = 1 1 p i=0 0.5i = x 2 dx = 7 3x 2 dx = 0 The commands \nolimits and \limits can be used to override the default displays of limits in LaTeX.

45 Mathematics and symbols Practice Produce the following result using the eqnarray environment: Some examples may be utilized in latextemp.tex.

46 Final items Sizing of Brackets A small problem with bracket sizes is shown in the left equation, and this problem is fixed on the right. ( ( ) ) The coding for the expressions above Generally we can use \left(, \left[, \left, and \left\{ and their corresponding right brackets to create automatically sized brackets. These commands must be inside one of the equations environments and the left and right brackets must always be balanced.

47 Final items Matrices Matrices also can be made in LaTeX: ( 4 1 ) The code: The syntax for an array is the same as for tabular (a table).

48 Final items Space and stacking Space can be added in equations using \quad, and expressions can be stacked via \stackrel: produces \begin{eqnarray } E(X+Y) \stackrel{indep.}{=} E(X) + E(Y) \quad\quad Var(X+Y) \stackrel{indep.}{=} Var(X) + Var(Y) \end{eqnarray } E(X + Y ) indep. = E(X ) + E(Y ) Var(X + Y ) indep. = Var(X ) + Var(Y )

49 1 Getting started 2 General 3 Tables 4 Figures 5 Math 6 Wrap up

50 Wrap-up After this class, you should have a general idea of starting a LaTeX document and compiling it creating tables inserting figures using the math modes in LaTeX

51 Other LaTeX matters Hyper referencing Bibliographies Beamer (slideshow) UCLA thesis To learn about these and more attend our LaTeX classes offered by the Statistical Consulting Center (SCC). scc.stat.ucla.edu/ mini-courses

52 Resources Online help: info.stat.ucla.edu/ grad/ forums.stat.ucla.edu/?5 A good resource in book format: - links to many useful sites - online forum help Guide to LaTeX, by Helmut Kopka and Patrick W. Daly A document that can be used to find LOTS of symbols (4MB): tex-archive/ info/ symbols/ comprehensive/ symbols-a4.pdf

53 Another resource Detexify - LaTeX handrwritten symbol recognition: detexify.kirelabs.org/ classify.html