An introduction to TeX. And other options for producing documents containing mathematics
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1 An introduction to TeX And other options for producing documents containing mathematics
2 Robbie Robinson Department of Mathematics GWU Washington DC
3 1. What is TeX?
4 Tex is: A typesetting system for professional quality scientific documents....especially those containing a lot of mathematical symbols. Runs on multiple platforms. Comes in PlainTeX, LaTex, AMS-LaTeX, etc.
5 Origin Stanford University computer scientist Donald Knuth. was as unhappy about how publishers typeset his papers studied traditional typesetting and printing built a lot of expert knowledge into TeX
6 Pronunciation Name comes from Greek τεχ. Means both art and technology. Rhymes with belch Does not rhyme with sex However: LaTeX is sometimes prounounced lay-tex (as in a type of rubber).
7 What does TeX consist of? A language and software. Knuth s part, plus packages (like LaTex) Knuth s ultimate version of the TeX program was released in Knuth: There will be no more changes. The TeX Book (1986) ultimate TeX language reference other Knuth books: on the program, fonts, etc.
8 2. LaTeX and other packages
9 Programming in TeX TeX is a primitive typesetting engine that allows additional programming. Programs can be put together into packages. These define dialects and styles. With the final version of the TeX program, Knuth released PlainTex and the Vanilla style.
10 AMS-TeX Released in early 1980's by AMS. Based on Knuth s Vanilla style. Several improvements: handling very complex math formulas. additional fonts. Developed by Michael Spivak. The Joy of TeX (1982 )
11 LaTeX Released in mid 1980 s written by Leslie Lamport, of Digital Equipment Co. LaTeX: A documant preparation system (1986) Upgrade of Knuth s basic TeX language, independent of AMS-TeX.
12 Innovations in LaTeX Automatic numbering of theorems and equations. A better mark-up system (e.g., environments). A Pascal-like style. A greater variety of document types article,book, etc.) still more fonts.
13 Situation in the 1990 s LaTeX 2.09 de-facto standard in most fields (Economics, Computer Science) Mathematicians split (some use LaTeX, others cling to AMS-TeX or PlainTeX). AMS (officially) refuses to accept LaTeX for its journals (!!) c 1990, TeX users wish list: LaTeX version 3, and a combination of LaTeX and AMS-TeX.
14 Current State of the Art LaTeX-2ε released in i.e., still not LaTeX 3 improvements in internal operation of LaTeX. Author(s) Frank Mittelbach (et al) AMS simultaneously releases AMS-LaTeX runs as a package within LaTeX-2ε.
15 What TeX version should I use? Definitely AMS-LaTeX or LaTeX-2ε PlainTeX can also still sometimes useful. Some other useful TeX programs are: epsfig.sty: used to import postscript drawings into TeX files. bibtex: used to automatically create a bibliography from a bibliographic database.
16 Implementations. TeX and LaTeX are public domain, but complicated to install from scratch. Best to have precompiled binaries and an installation utility. Standard Unix distribution is called tetex. There is also the large TeX-Live distribution. tetex is a standard part of most Linux distributions (e.g., Red Hat).
17 PC Implementations MikTeX Windows port of standard Unix version. fully featured package manager. Combines nicely with emacs (AUC-TeX) Winedit editor: fully featured for TeX. PC-TeX (commercial). Includes TrueType fonts. Scientific Workplace (commercial WYSIWYG version) & includes Maple.
18 Mac (OS X) Implementations Mac OS X is a type of Unix (!) i-installer Installs full tetex plus some TeX-Live fully featured package manager. Combines with nicely with emacs (Auc-TeX). Enhanced Carbon Emacs includes Auc-TeX Two TeX editors: TeX Shop, i-tex Mac Alternative: Fink tetex.
19 3. Using TeX
20 Mark-up TeX is a markup language, like HTML. You type an ascii file with the extension ".tex". As in HTML, you do not worry about formatting. In HTML leave formatting to the browser. In TeX leave formatting to TeX. TeX formats according to the style you are using.
21 Ideology Logical Document Design Common to TeX and HTML User describes logical role of each part of the document.... not how to place items on the page! i.e., definitely not WYSIWYG!!!
22 Comparison with HTML HTML markup accomplished by surrounding items by tags. <EM> This is emphasized. </EM> This is emphasized. Your web browser decides how to emphasize (!)
23 What if you insist on italics? <IT> But I wanted italics! </IT> But I wanted italics! Works, but violates logical document design (!!)
24 Logical design: A great idea in theory... can be a pain in practice. HTML has been moving away from a strictly logical design for years. dot.com s want complete control of what you see!
25 Logical Document Design in TeX To emphasize text, you type: {\em Emphasize this!} What you will (probably) get: Emphasize this!
26 How do you demand italics? {\it Italicize this!} What you (should) get: Italicize this!
27 Font control in La-TeX. {\bf } for boldface, {\rm } for Roman (not italics or bold) {\tt } for teletype. {\sc } for small caps.
28 4. Typing Mathematics.
29 More TeX v.s. HTML In HTML the big thing is hyperlinks naturally there is an elaborate code for them. In TeX the big thing is mathematics. Inside your document, all formulas are typeset in math mode. In contrast, text is set in text mode.
30 Plain TeX example Inline math (mode): equations between $ s An inline equation $x^2-x-1=0$ appears in this line. You will get (approximately) An inline equation x 2 x 1 = 0 appears in this line.
31 Displayed Equations (Plain TeX) Put display math between (double) $$ s A displayed equation $$x^2-x-1=0$$ sits by itself, centered on its own line. A displayed equation x 2 x 1 = 0 sits by itself, centered on its own line.
32 Knuth s poor choice of delimiters TeX violates a common custom of mathematical notation: Delimiters or tags should come in left and right pairs. $x^2-x-1=0$ violates this.
33 LaTeX corrects Knuth s faux pas Uses \( x^2-x-1=0 \) for inline Uses \[ x^2-x-1=0 \] for display. I don t like this! I don't use either of these! I still use $x^2-x-1=0$ for inline. For equations, I use a LaTeX feature called environments:
34 Display equation environment in LaTeX: Here is a displayed equation \begin{equation} \label{eq:fib} x^2-x-1=0, \end{equation} and it has a number. Here is a displayed equation (1.1) x 2 x 1 = 0, and it has a number!
35 Greek letters: Spelled out as control sequences. For all $\epsilon>0$ there exists $\delta$ so that if $ x-y <\delta$ then $ f(x)-f(y) <\epsilon$. For all ε > 0 there exists δ > 0 so that if x - y < δ then f(x) - f(y) < ε.
36 Subscripts and superscripts These use ^ and _. Nesting is allowed with { } Given a bounded sequence $x_1,x_2,\dots$, there exists a convergent subsequence $x_{i_1},x_{i_2},\dots$. Given a bounded sequence x 1, x 2,, there exists convergent subsequence. x i, x,... i 1 2
37 Integrals, and sums If $f$ is in $L^2[0,1]$ and \begin{equation*} f_n=\frac{1}{2\pi} \int_0^{2\pi} f(x)e^{i n x}\,dx \end{equation*} then $ f ^2_2=\Sum_0^\infty f_n ^2$. If f is in L 2 [0,2π] and 1 2π inx fn = f( x) e dx 2π 0 f = fn 2 2 then. n= 0
38 Theorem-like environments \begin{thm}\label{th:fw} The equation $A^n+B^n=C^n$ has no integer solutions for $n>2$. \end{thm} \begin{proof} See the margins. \end{proof} Theorem 1.1. The equation A n +B n =C n has no integer solutions for n>2. Proof. See the margins.
39 Starting and finishing LaTeX requires (at least a few) special lines at the beginning and end of a document. \documentclass{article} \begin{document} Put your text here... \end{document}
40 5. How to operate LaTeX.
41 file.tex LaTeX Style TeX Program file.dvi yap dvips file.ps ghostview
42 Example: Basic MikTeX on a PC Use any text editor to create an ascii LaTeX file called file.tex Get a command prompt (Windows XP) or DOS prompt. Click
43
44 Click comment: run LaTex twice!
45
46
47 Click
48
49 Additional Useful Software Dvi viewer: Yap yet another previewer part of with MikTeX (PC). Unix uses xdvi. MacDvi better alternative for Mac. Ghostview: open source PS viewer. (MacGhostview) Emacs: Text editor from GNU project. All platforms. ispell (aspell): Unix spelling program now on all platforms. Attaches to Emacs. Adobe Viewer: (freeware all platforms) for PDF. Acrobat can be replaced with free alternatives AUC-TeX: Emacs package that integrates TeX, aspell, dvi-viewer, ghostview and acrobat into emacs. Specialized TeX editors: winedt (Windows), TeX Shop, i-tex Mac.
50 File formats Postscript is a page definition language. It is essentially a printer program. Preferred form for camera-ready publishing. Encapsulated postscript (eps) is a stricter standard of postscript, mostly used for pictures. PDF is a simplified and compressed version of postscript Most e-publishers want a TeX file plus eps figures. EPS pictures not appropriate for web (unsupported by browsers). Usual.jpeg and.gif pictures not appropriate for e- publishing.
51 EPS Graphics X-Fig (Unix & Linux, Mac under Fink, and Windows with Cygwin X11). Win-Fig: Mayura Draw (shareware) Eve, Dia (free). Adobe Illustrator (commercial) Mathematica, Maple and Matlab all export eps graphics. View with Ghostview
52 file.tex Emacs (Ispell,AUC) LaTeX Style TeX Program WinFig file.dvi figure.eps yap dvips file.ps ghostview
53 Bibtex Supports bib format for bibliographic citations. Downloadable from MathSciNet References automatically labeled Can make master bibliography which can be reused.
54 master.bib file.tex Emacs (Ispell,AUC) bibtex LaTeX Style TeX Program WinFig file.bbl file.dvi figure.eps yap dvips file.ps ghostview
55 6. Alternatives Now and on the horizon
56 Typing formulas in MS Office Microsoft Equation 3.0 Comes with Office products. Surprisingly not bad! (students can use it). MathType Commercial upgrade of Equation 3.0. Now in Version 5.2. Design Science Inc. 30 day free trial. About $100. Well worth it!!
57 MS Office continued TeXPoint for PowerPoint (freeware). Builds a limited TeX interpreter into PowerPoint. Type TeX expressions (without $$ s) into a slide. Select TeX-ify from the TeXPoint menu. Converts to formula. Works well in combination with MathType
58 New TeX based word processors LyX: Almost wisiyig Creates LaTeX file. Can compile and view. Still considered experimantal (but works!) Now available for all platforms (open source). TeXmacs: Fully wisiyig Inspired by TeX and Emacs. Can export LaTeX but has native (XML based) format Now available for all platforms (open source).
59 The future? TeX LaTeX HTML XML TeXmacs MathML
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