Word-to-L A TEX specification
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1 Word-to-L A TEX specification Michal Kebrt April 19, 2005 Contents 1 Introduction Text processors TEX and L A TEX Word vs. L A TEX Word to L A TEX conversion Internal conversion External conversion What to expect Word-to-L A TEX Introduction Figures Mathematical equations Structural parts of a document Formatting Interaction with L A TEX Output options Miscellaneous options and features Program settings Libraries Future improvements Conversion programs Word2TEX RTF to L A TEX convertors Other convertors Introduction Word-to-L A TEX will be a program for converting documents written in Microsoft Word into L A TEX format. The program will be written as a software project (PRG033) at Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics. 1
2 1.1 Text processors Microsoft Word, WordPerfect, OpenOffice.org Writer and many more are examples of word processors and so-called WYSIWIG 1 text editors. These programs enable a user to create documents and their design and layout interactively by selecting from a wide variety of commands in the program menu. The user always sees the document in its final form all the document formatting is displayed on the screen (for example, a heading appears in a bold and bigger font). 1.2 TEX and L A TEX L A TEX is a typographic system, which is used for typesetting of science and mathematical documents in a high typographic quality. This system is also appropriate for creating many different kinds of documents, from plain letters to large books. L A TEX is also a standard for contributing manuscripts to a lot of (scientific) conferences. The main difference between L A TEX and Word is that when you make a document in L A TEX you must usually write all the text and commands (for example the \textbf{foo} command makes the text foo bold) directly into a plain text file and you can t see the final document look until you run a program which generates PostScript or PDF file. L A TEX uses TEX [1] a computer program for typesetting which was developed by professor Donald E. Knuth. 1.3 Word vs. L A TEX It s not easy to say what s better whether Word as an example of word processor or L A TEX. Everybody needs and likes different approaches for writing documents. Here are some advantages of L A TEX and Word. L A TEX advantages: User can use predefined document templates (e.g. for articles and books) with professional look. Great means for writing mathematical expressions. It s not necessary to specify the document formatting and look, it depends on a document style. User writes only commands determining the logical structure of a document (e.g. sections and footnotes). Many add-ons (e.g. for inserting graphics or hyperlinks). Wide portability of TEX and L A TEX system. It s free. Word advantages: Easy to use and learn for most of people. User always see the document in its final form. 1 what you see is what you get 2
3 2 Word to L A TEX conversion There are two possible ways how to convert Word documents to L A TEX format. A lot of information and also the terminology internal and external conversion come from the article [3]. 2.1 Internal conversion Internal conversion is carried out within the Word program using its object model. It s not significant whether you use a VBA macro or some external program. The most important thing is that all document parts and all document information including formatting, Word application settings, etc. is accessible and usable. An example of a program using internal conversion is Word2TEX [4]. 2.2 External conversion External conversion is performed without the Word application by an external program. There are at least two ways how to externally convert a Word document into L A TEX either directly access the Word document as a binary file or save the document in a more accessible format (typically RTF) and then convert it into L A TEX. External conversion has one big disadvantage in comparison with internal conversion. It s usually impossible to retrieve all the document information especially about the logical structure of the document. The first method is completely independent on Word installation so it can be performed outside the Windows environment. Although the idea of parsing the Word binary format is rather unimaginable there are a few programs that use this method e.g. word2x [5] or Antiword [8]. Programs that convert RTF into L A TEX are: rtf2latex2e [6], w2latex [7]. 2.3 What to expect It s not possible to perform 1:1 conversion as Word and L A TEX are very different document preparation systems. The most important is surely to convert all the text content it especially means to correctly translate special characters (e.g., σ, etc. or % to \%). Conversion programs will generate the better results the better the Word document is stuctured and formatted. This the reason why users should use paragraph styles and appropriate Word functions for inserting footnotes, bibliography, index, etc. Once users follow these rules conversion programs can properly convert almost every part of a document. Another important question is how to convert figures (including embedded ActiveX objects) and mathematical equations. This issue is not very easy and will be described in the next section in details. 3 Word-to-L A TEX 3.1 Introduction Word-to-L A TEX will perform so-called internal conversion since it will use Word Object Model to access all the document parts and information. Microsoft Visual Studio 2003 and C# 3
4 language were chosen as a develop environment. Word-to-L A TEX will run only on Windows with Microsoft Word installed. Following sections describe Word-toL A TEX features and options that can be set. 3.2 Figures One of the most important things to convert are figures images, ActiveX controls (e.g. Microsoft Excel graphs), automatic shapes and so on. Word-to-L A TEX will support two different kinds of figure conversion as an EPS image (containing PostScript commands) or as an image in its original format (JPEG photo will be exported as a JPEG file, Excel graph or automatic shape as a GIF file). User will have to choose one type of the conversion that will be used for the whole document. Word-to-L A TEX will have an option to export only figures (not text, lists, etc.) so users can first save all figures as EPS, then as raster images and finally choose what s better for each figure. Conversion to EPS format will be performed by an external PostScript printer driver (e.g. Apple LaserJet II) which can be easily installed on Windows. The conversion procedure is rather ponderously the figure will be first copied into the clipboard, then pasted in a temporary Word document which will be printed into an EPS file using the PostScript printer driver. Once this is done, the Bounding Box property specifying the picture size must be edited to match the picture size in the Word document. Unix command-line program ps2eps [10] can edit the Bounding Box property automatically but on Windows it requires a few dependencies so I will edit this proterty without any external program it means to change four numbers in the head of an EPS file which is a plain ASCII text file. On the other hand the export to the picture s original format is quite easy. When the document is saved as a web page all the figures (including ActiveX objects etc.) are exported as JPEG, PNG or GIF files. 3.3 Mathematical equations There are three ways how to insert mathematical equations into a Word document. The first is the EQ field (Insert Field) which can be used even for quite complicated expressions containing sums, brackets, matrices, fractions, etc. The expressions prepared with the EQ field must be written in a source code similar to L A TEX (e.g. \f(5;3) for a fraction) but it has some limitations for example you can t create a triple integral. As there is no API for the EQ field the conversion to L A TEX must be performed by parsing the source code of expressions. Equation Editor (typically in version 3) is a part of Microsoft Office package. It s a visual editor without any mode for writing expressions in a source code like in the EQ field. In spite of this Equation Editor can convert EQ field expression into its own format but not back. The only way how to convert Equation Editor expressions to L A TEX is to parse their binary format (there s no public API). Although this format is public [11] for me it s a hard imaginable method. MathType [12] is a professional (and commercial) version of Equation Editor with some great improvements numbered equations, automatic recognition of variables, functions and constants, export to GIF or EPS, converting to MathML or L A TEX. MathType also has an API for basic work with expressions (setting converting traslators, converting and saving 4
5 expressions, etc.). As MathType can work with Equation Editor and the EQ field expressions this API enables to convert all the expressions within a Word document to L A TEX. But the MathType SDK Derivative Works Distribution License Agreement [13] tells that programs using the SDK must be distributed free of charge and only within the programmer s company or faculty. So, what mathematical expressions will Word-to-L A TEX convert? There are two possibilities either I ll make a convertor for EQ field expressions and all the other mathematical expressions will be converted as figures (typically EPS). Or I can use MathType SDK for converting all the expressions to L A TEX. 3.4 Structural parts of a document footnotes cross-references (to headings, figures, etc.) titles (for figures, tables, etc.) hyperlinks (will be converted to footnotes or references) tables lists (ordered and unordered) headings (built-in Word paragraph styles Heading x will be converted to appropriate section commands by default (e.g. Heading 1 to \section), this mapping can be changed) index (inserted by the XE field) table of contents (not converted, L A TEX makes the table of contents automatically with \tableofcontents command) table of figures references (inserted by the TA field) 3.5 Formatting user can define mapping of paragraph and character styles to L A TEX commands (e.g. style preformated to \verb), optionally a special environment for each style can be created the text in italics, bold and other styles will be converted to appropriate L A TEX commands (e.g. \emph, textbf), the default mapping can be changed the font size can t be set exactly in L A TEX so there ll be a point range for each command (e.g for \small), the default ranges can be changed page breaks paragraph indenting and aligning + 2 text boxes marks features which Word2TEX [4] (the best Word to L A TEX convertor) doesn t have 5
6 3.6 Interaction with L A TEX editable document preamble; macros like %Author, %Title used in the preamle will be replaced with respective information from the Word document [LATEX:cmd1]...[\\LATEX:cmd2] like commands can be used in a Word document, for example [LATEX:\textbf{]foo[\\LATEX:}] results in bold foo Output options program will produce L A TEX 2ε output file, but it ll be designed so that other formats could be easily added or programmed character set of the output L A TEX file symbol for the end of a line (CRLF, LF, CR) in the output file wrap paragraphs in the output file after x characters or not 3.8 Miscellaneous options and features automatic detection of a page size or symbolically setting (A4, etc.) + automatic detection of page margins + option for setting document class (article, book, etc.) + translation of special characters and symbols (the default mapping can be changed) 3.9 Program settings All the program settings will be saved in a XML file with public format so users will be able to edit it and suit the program behaviour their needs. It ll be also possible to set the program by a dialog. The option for saving and loading the program settings will enable users to create a couple of converting styles for different kinds of documents and then just select one and use it Libraries MathType SDK will be probably used for converting mathematical equations to L A TEX.NET System.Xml library for parsing and creating files with program settings.net System.Encoding library for converting between different character sets 3.11 Future improvements processing of numbered equations better recognizing of mathematical expressions in regular text 6
7 4 Conversion programs 4.1 Word2TEX Word2TEX [4] is surely the best Word to L A TEX convertor. It has all the features from the previous section which weren t marked with + and a few additional functions: output file in a couple of formats (e.g. L A TEX 2ε, L A TEX 2.09, AMS-L A TEX) converts coloured text using special package converts hyperlinks using hypertex package numbered equations inserting extra commands for PDFTEX user can define own mapping for mathematical expressions 4.2 RTF to L A TEX convertors rtf2latex2e [6] produces quite nice L A TEX output, processes font styles, footnotes, tables, paragraph styles, Equation Editor 3.0 equations and some figures other RTF to L A TEX can be found at CTAN sites [9], but they can t usually process new version of RTF format 4.3 Other convertors word2x [5] wide portable external convertor Antiword [8] converts to only plain text or PostScript, performs external conversion, wide portable; processes font styles and sizes, footnotes, lists, tables, etc., has problems with figures a couple of very old converters (e.g. Word TEX) can be found at CTAN sites [9] References [1] Donald E. Knuth. The TEXbook, Volume A of Computers and Typesetting, Addison- Wesley Publishing Company (1984), ISBN [2] Ne příliš stručný úvod do systému L A TEX 2ε. [3] Marion Neubauer. Conversion from WORD/WordPerfect to L A TEX, MAPS 14, 1995, , [4] Word2TEX, [5] word2x, [6] rtf2latex2e, 7
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