CS 189 L A TEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

Transcription

1 CS 189 L A TEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization (1) Robert S. Laramee Computer Science Department School of Physical Sciences Swansea University February 14, 2008 (1) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

2 Overview of Lecture Document Class Table of Contents (2) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

3 L A TEX Document Class When L A TEX 2ε processes an input file, it expects it to follow a certain structure. Thus every input file must start with the command \documentclass{...} This specifies what sort of document you intend to write. After that, you can include commands that influence the style of the whole document, or you can load packages that add new features to the L A TEX system. To load such a package you use the command \usepackage{...} The area between \documentclass and begin{document} is called the preamble. You start the body of the text with the command \begin{document} Now you enter the text mixed with some useful L A TEX commands. At the end of the document you add the \end{document} command. (3) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

4 L A TEX Document Class The first information L A TEX needs to know when processing an input file is the type of document the author wants to create. This is specified with the command. \documentclass[options]{class} Here class specifies the type of document to be created. The options parameter customises the behaviour of the document class. The options have to be separated by commas. Example: An input file for a L A TEX document could start with the line \documentclass[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article} which instructs L A TEX to typeset the document as an article with a base font size of eleven points, and to produce a layout suitable for double sided printing on A4 paper. (4) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

5 L A TEX Document Class: The Full List Table:. article for articles in scientific journals, presentations, short reports, program documentation, invitations,... proc a class for proceedings based on the article class. minimal is as small as it can get. It only sets a page size and a base font. It is mainly used for debugging purposes. report for longer reports containing several chapters, small books, PhD theses,... book for real books slides for slides. The class uses big sans serif letters. (5) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

6 L A TEX Document Class Options: A Long List Table: Document Class Options. 10pt, 11pt, 12pt Sets the size of the main font in the document. If no option is specified, 10pt is assumed. a4paper, letterpaper,... Defines the paper size. The default size is letterpaper. Besides that, a5paper, b5paper, executivepaper, and legalpaper can be specified. fleqn leqno Typesets displayed formulae left-aligned instead of centred. Places the numbering of formulae on the left hand side instead of the right. titlepage, notitlepage Specifies whether a new page should be started after the document title or not. The article class does not start a new page by default, while report and book do. onecolumn, twocolumn Instructs L A TEX to typeset the document in one column or two columns. (6) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

7 L A TEX Document Class Options Continued: A Long List Table: Document Class Options Continued. twoside, oneside Specifies whether double or single sided output should be generated. The classes article and report are single sided and the book class is double sided by default. Note that this option concerns the style of the document only. The option twoside does not tell the printer you use that it should actually make a two-sided printout. landscape Changes the layout of the document to print in landscape mode. openright, openany Makes chapters begin either only on right hand pages or on the next page available. This does not work with the article class, as it does not know about chapters. The report class by default starts chapters on the next page available and the book class starts them on right hand pages. (7) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

8 While writing your document, you will probably find that there are some areas where basic L A TEX cannot solve your problem. If you want to include graphics, coloured text or source text from a file into your document, you need to enhance the capabilities of L A TEX. Such enhancements are called packages. are activated with the: \usepackage[options]{package} command, where package is the name of the package and options is a list of keywords that trigger special features in the package. This command is placed in the preamble of the document. (8) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

9 Some Distributed with L A TEX Table: Some of the Distributed with LATEX. doc Allows the documentation of L A TEX programs. Described in doc.dtx x exscale Provides scaled versions of the math extension font. Described in ltexscale.dtx. fontenc Specifies which font encoding L A TEX should use. Described in ltoutenc.dtx. ifthen Provides commands of the form if... then do... otherwise do.... Described in ifthen.dtx. latexsym To access the L A TEX symbol font, you should use the latexsym package. Described in latexsym.dtx. makeidx Provides commands for producing indexes. We will discuss individual packages on an as-needed basis. (9) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

10 L A TEX supports three predefined header/footer combinations so-called page styles. The style parameter of the \pagestyle{style} command defines which one to use. Table: The Predefined of LATEX. plain prints the page numbers on the bottom of the page, in the middle of the footer. This is the default page style. headings prints the current chapter heading and the page number in the header on each page, while the footer remains empty. empty sets both the header and the footer to be empty. It is possible to change the page style of the current page with the command \thispagestyle{style} (10) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

11 Customized head and footlines, The L A TEX fancyhdr Package The fancyhdr package lets the user flexibility to add customized headers and footers to a document. You can define headers and footers with multiple parts and on multiple lines, place rules in headers and footers, and use a header and footer width different from that of the text. Additionally you can use different headers and footers for even and odd pages, first pages of chapters. You can move the location of page numbers and produce dictionary-style headers reflecting the first and last words on a page. You can also suppress headers and footers on selected pages. fancyhdr also provides control over fonts and upper- and lowercase letters. How to define the content of headers and footers: Add the fancyhdr package to your document in the preamble. \usepackage{fancyhdr} Specify a new header and footer setup in the document preamble: On a new line in the preamble, add \pagestyle{fancy} (11) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

12 Customized head and footlines, The L A TEX fancyhdr Package (Continued) Define the content of the header: On new lines in the preamble, add: \lhead{text} \rhead{text} \chead{text} where text is the information you want left-justified, centered, and righ-justified (respectively) in the header. For a rule (line) under the header, add: \renewcommand{\headrulewidth}{x} where x is the point size of the rule you want, e.g., 8pt Define the content of the footer: On a new line, type \lfoot{text} \cfoot{text} \rfoot{text} (12) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

13 Customized head and footlines, The L A TEX fancyhdr Package (Continued) To add a rule over the footer, add: \renewcommand{\footrulewidth}{x} where x is the point size of the rule you want. (13) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

14 Page Numbering and Page Style To specify the style of page numbers use: \pagenumbering{style} Possible values of style are: arabic for Arabic numerals (1,2,3,... ) roman for Lowercase Roman numerals (i,ii,iii,... ) Roman for Uppercase Roman numerals (I,II,III,... ) alph for Lowercase letters (a,b,c,... ) Alph for Uppercase letters (A,B,C,... ) (14) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

15 Paragraph Formatting \parskip is the extra vertical space inserted before a paragraph. It has a natural length of zero but should be a rubber length so that it may be stretched in a flushbottom environment. For example, to increase \parskip to skip a line between paragraphs one could use (in the preamble): \addtolength{\parskip}{\baselineskip} \baselinestretch is a length command which specifies the minimum space between the botton of two successive lines in a paragraph. A baseline is the the line on which letters sit. Its default value is 1.0 but it may be reset with a \renewcommand command. For example, double spacing can be obtained by \renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{2.0} Including the package called parskip lets the user include space between paragaphs simply by including a blank like in the.tex file: \usepackage{parskip} (15) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

16 Page Format L A TEX 2ε allows you to specify the paper size in the \documentclass command. It then automatically picks the right text margins, but sometimes you may not be happy with the predefined values. Naturally, you can change them. As with most things in L A TEX, there is a good reason for the page layout to be as it is. It may look narrow narrow. But take a look at your favourite book 1 and count the number of characters on a standard text line. You will find that there are no more than about 66 characters on each line. Now do the same on your L A TEX page. Reading gets difficult as soon as there are more characters on a single line. This is because it is difficult for the eyes to move from the end of one line to the start of the next one. This is also why newspapers are typeset in multiple columns. 1 We mean a real printed book produced by a reputable publisher. (16) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

17 (17) Robert Figure: S. Laramee LAT X() Page CS 189Format LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization Page Format (Continued)

18 Page Format (Continued) The figure shows all the page layout parameters that can be changed. (It was produced with the layout package.)l A TEX provides two commands to change these parameters. They are usually used in the document preamble. The first command assigns a fixed value to any of the parameters: \setlength{parameter}{length} The second command adds a length to any of the parameters: \addtolength{parameter}{length} This second command is actually more useful than the setlength command, because you can work relative to the existing settings. To add one centimetre to the overall text width, put the following commands into the document preamble: \addtolength{\hoffset}{-0.5cm} \addtolength{\textwidth}{1cm} (18) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

19 Title Page The title of the whole document is generated by issuing a: \maketitle command. The contents of the title have to be defined by the commands \title{...}, \author{...} and optionally \date{...} before calling \maketitle. In the argument to author, you can supply several names separated by and commands. The title usually comes immediately after the \begin{document} command. L A TEX 2ε introduced three additional commands for use with the book class. They are useful for dividing your publication. The commands alter chapter headings and page numbering to work as you would expect it in a book: (19) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

20 Commands with book class. Commands for use with the book class. frontmatter should be the very first command after the start of the document body (\begin{document}). It will switch page numbering to Roman numerals and sections be non-enumerated. mainmatter comes right before the first chapter of the book. It turns on Arabic page numbering and restarts the page counter. appendix marks the start of additional material in your book. After this command chapters will be numbered with letters. backmatter should be inserted before the very last items in your book, such as the bibliography and the index. In the standard document classes, this has no visual effect. (20) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

21 Table of Contents To help the reader find their way through your work, divide it into chapters, sections, and subsections. L A TEX supports this with special commands that take the section title as their argument. The following sectioning commands are available for the article class: \section{...} \subsection{...} \subsubsection{...} \paragraph{...} \subparagraph{...} If you want to split your document in parts without influencing the section or chapter numbering you can use: \part{...} When you work with the report or book class, an additional top-level sectioning command becomes available: \chapter{...} (21) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

22 Table of Contents (Continued) As the article class does not know about chapters, it is quite easy to add articles as chapters to a book. The spacing between sections, the numbering and the font size of the titles will be set automatically by L A TEX. Two of the sectioning commands are a bit special: The part command does not influence the numbering sequence of chapters. The appendix command does not take an argument. It just changes the chapter numbering to letters. 2 (This is used simply by issuing the \appendix command.) 2 For the article style it changes the section numbering. (22) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

23 Table of Contents Table of Contents L A TEX creates a table of contents by taking the section headings and page numbers from the last compile cycle of the document. The command: \tableofcontents expands to a table of contents at the place it is issued. A new document has to be compiled ( L A TEXed ) twice to get a correct table of contents. Sometimes it might be necessary to compile the document a third time. L A TEX will tell you when this is necessary. L A TEX creates an additional *.toc file to store table of contents entries. All sectioning commands listed above also exist as starred versions. A starred version of a command is built by adding a star * after the command name. This generates section headings that do not show up in the table of contents and are not numbered. The command \section{help}, for example, would become \section*{help}. (23) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

24 Table of Contents Table of Contents (Continued) Normally the section headings show up in the table of contents exactly as they are entered in the text. Sometimes this is not possible, because the heading is too long to fit into the table of contents. The entry for the table of contents can then be specified as an optional argument in front of the actual heading. \chapter[title for the table of contents]{a long and especially descriptive title, shown in the text} (24) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization

25 Table of Contents Acknowledgments We thank the authors of, A Not So Short Guide to L A TEX, namely, Tobias Oetiker, Hubert Partl, Irene Hyna and Elisabeth Schlegl, for valuable contributions to this lecture material. (25) Robert S. Laramee CS 189 LATEX and Linux: Document Layout and Organization