Reducing/eliminating visual artifacts in HEVC by the deblocking filter.
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1 1 Reducing/eliminating visual artifacts in HEVC by the deblocking filter. EE5359 Multimedia Processing Project Proposal Spring 2014 The University of Texas at Arlington Department of Electrical Engineering Submitted by: Harshal Shah ID: Under the Guidance of: Dr. K.R.Rao
2 2 CU: Coding unit. LIST OF ACRONYMS CABAC: Context adaptive binary arithmetic coding CTUs: Coding tree units. DSPs : Digital signal processors FDCT: Fast discrete cosine transform. HDTV: High definition television HEVC: High Efficiency Video Coding. ITU: International Telecommunication Union ITU-TITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector JVT - VT: Joint collaborative team on video coding MSE: Mean square error. MPEG: Moving picture experts group. PU: Prediction unit PSNR: Peak signal to noise ratio. QVGA: Quarter Video Graphics Array. QCIF:Quarter common intermediate format. QP: Quantization parameter VCEG: Video Coding Experts Group SSIM: Structural similarity index. SAO: Sample adaptive offset
3 3 ABSTARCT: High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a new Standard for video compression developed by the ISO and ITU-T [8].The new HEVC standard received first stage approval in January The objective of this project is to study working on deblocking filter in HEVC and how it will reduce visual artifacts. The modification are expected to improve the performance of HEVC. Overview of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is the most recent standardized video compression technology. It is developed by the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of the ITU- T Visual Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and the ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG). The first version of the new standard has recently been consented as Recommendation ITU-T H.265 and will be shortly approved by ISO/IEC as ISO/IEC (MPEG-H part 2). As its most important feature, HEVC provides around 50% bit-rate reduction while maintaining the same subjective video quality relative to its predecessor H.264/AVC.[9] There are some particular scenarios in which intra coding or image coding is the only choice, such as the editing within post production where easy access to each individual frame is of great importance [6]. Two diagrams of HEVC encoders are shown in figure 1 and 2. Figure: 1 Simplified HEVC encoder diagram [6]
4 Figure: 2 HEVC encoder block diagram [1] 4
5 5 Figure 3 HEVC Decoder block diagram [1] Experimental results show that HEVC can offer consistent performance gains over a wide range of bitrates on natural video sequences. Further, the lossless intra coding is especially required for applications where images acquired are for extracting specific information in the future. [3]HEVC aims at doubling the compression ratio of H.264/AVC High profile [4] with comparable image quality, at the expense of increased computational complexity [1].HEVC decoder block diagram is shown in the figure.3. HEVC aims at doubling the compression ratio of H.264/AVC High profile with comparable image quality, at the expense of increased computational complexity. It is targeted at next generation HDTV displays and can support display resolution from QVGA (320x240) up to 1080p (1920x1080) and 4320p (7680x4320) [3]. WHY HEVC? To ensure the highest level of compression efficiency, and support for parallel processing, some parts of HEVC have been significantly modified compared with previous generations of hybrid block-based codecs. For most of the previous MPEG-x and H.26x codecs, the largest entity that could be independently encoded was a macro block (16 16 pixels) [6]. For HEVC, the picture is split into coding-tree units (CTUs) with a maximum size of pixels. Every
6 6 CTU is the root of a quad tree, which can be further divided into leaf- level coding units (CUs), as illustrated in Figure 4. [6] Figure 4: Example of coding tree infrastructure in HEVC [6] INTRA PREDICTION IN HEVC Intra prediction is employed to remove the spatial redundancies within one image. In H.264/AVC, intra prediction of the target block is conducted in spatial domain by referring to the neighboring samples from left, up and top-right region. Although unified intra prediction is still conducted in spatial domain in current HEVC, boundary pixels from the left down region may be used as context pixels for prediction. Intra directi
7 7 for different PU sizes. Besides DC prediction mode, the 33 possible intra prediction directions are illustrated in Figure 5 [8]. Figure 5: Intra prediction directions in HEVC [8] Intra prediction can be done at different block sizes, ranging from 4 X 4 to 64 X 64 (whatever size the PU has) (Fig.6). The luma intra prediction modes of HEVC and those of H.264/AVC are shown in figure 3 and figure 4 respectively. Figure 6: Modes and directional orientations for intra picture prediction for HEVC [8]
8 8 Blocking artifact Block-based transform coding is popularly used in image and video compression standards such as JPEG, MPEG and H.26x because of its excellent energy compaction capability and low hardware complexity.[10] These standards achieve good compression ratio and quality of the reconstructed image and video when the quantizer is not very coarse; however, in very low bit rate, the well-known annoying artifact in image and video compression coding come into existence and degrade the quality seriously. This artifact is called Blocking Artifact.[10] In a coding scheme that uses block-based prediction and transform coding, discontinuities can occur in the reconstructed signal at the block boundaries. Visible discontinuities at the block boundaries are blocking artifacts.[11] Figure 7: Example of block boundary with blocking artifact [11] This is one of the most annoying artifacts in video and image compression coding. In order to improve the quality of the reconstructed image and video, several deblocking algorithms have been proposed.[10] Blocking is known as one of the most visual and objectionable artifacts of block-based compression methods [12].
9 9 For this reason, deblocking filter (DF) is employed to improve the subjection and objection quality of the video.[12] The blocking artifact incurs discontinuity across the block boundaries in the reconstructed image and video. Fig. 8 (a) and (b) shows the original image and the compressed image, respectively. As can be seen from Fig. b, there are many square blocks in the highly compressed image.[10] Fig. 8 (a) The original image (b) The highly compressed image [10] Deblocking filter (DF) is employed to improve the subjection and objection quality of the video. Low-pass filters in DF are adaptively applied to every 4x4 block boundaries in H.264/AVC [12]. [13], [14] are the work about hardware implementations on deblocking filter in H.264/AVC. HEVC also uses as in loop blocking filter similar to the one in H.264/AVC. As mentioned above, there are three basic units (CU, PU, and TU) in HEVC. Union of these three units boundaries is involved in the deblocking filter process. All filtering operations are applied to 8x8 block boundaries, except for 4x4 block boundaries, which are not filtered to reduce the complexity [12]
10 10 Overview of deblocking filter The deblocking filter performs detection of the artifacts at the coded block boundaries and attenuates them by applying a selected filter.[10] Compared to the H.264/AVC deblocking filter, the HEVC deblocking filter has lower computational complexity and better parallel processing capabilities while still achieving significant reduction of the visual artifacts.[10] The deblocking filter in HEVC has been designed to improve the subjective quality while reducing the complexity. The latter consideration is important since the deblocking filter of the H.264/AVC standard. [15] Constitutes a significant part of the decoder complexity.[10] As a result, the HEVC deblocking filter is less complex as compared to the H.264/AVC deblocking filter, while still having the capability to improve the subjective and objective quality.[10] Another aspect that received significant attention in the HEVC deblocking filter design is its suitability for parallel processing. [1]Deblocking in HEVC has been designed in a way to prevent spatial dependences across the picture, which, together with other design features, enables easy parallelization on multiple cores.[10] De-blocking filter algorithms Fig.9 illustrates the overall processing flow of deblocking filter processing. Firstly, the decision should be made that whether the current boundary is a boundary of CU, PU or TU. If not, the filtering processing should be not applied to the current boundary. Boundary strength (BS) reflects how strong the filtering is needed for the boundary, and the value of this parameter is an integer ranging from 0 to 2. It is determined by some coding information, such as prediction mode, motion vector (MV) and so on. [12] Threshold values β and tc which are used for filter on/off decision, strong/weak filter selection and the process of the filtering are derived based on the QP of P block and Q block in Fig 2. As shown in Fig 2, P block and Q block are two adjacent 4x4 blocks across the boundary involved in filtering. The value d is also involved in the decision of filter on/off, strong and weak filter.[12] This parameter is derived from the value of twelve pixels in the first and the fourth line. These twelve pixels are labeled as red circles shown in Fig 10. [12]
11 11 These four lines involved in filtering share some common decisions including β, tc, d. Meanwhile, each line has its respective values, such as de, dep and deq, which are used for the decision of filter on/off, strong and weak filter for each line. [12] Figure 9: Overall processing flow of deblocking filter [12] Figure 10 : Two adjacent 4x4 blocks [12]
12 12 The values of eight pixels across the boundary are denoted as p3,0, p2,0, p1,0, p0,0, q0,0, q1,0, q2,0, q3,0, which are labeled as the first line in Fig 10. [12] Conclusion This project aims at a thorough study and implementation of Deblocking filters to reduce the visual artifacts in HEVC. We will also study the working and performance analysis of deblocking filter algorithm in HEVC and compare it with H.264. REFERENCES [1] G.J. Sullivan, et al Overview of the high efficiency video coding (HEVC) standard, IEEE Trans. circuits and systems for video technology, vol. 22, no.12, pp , Dec [2] P. Topiwala, et al Performance comparison of JPEG2000 and H.264/AVC high profile intraframe coding on HD video sequences, SPIE int l symposium, digital image processing, vol. 6312, no.8, pp , Aug [3] Q.Cai, al et Lossy and lossless intra coding performance evaluation: HEVC, H.264/AVC, JPEG 2000 and JPEG LS. IEEE signal processing, vol.9, no.12, pp.1-9, Dec [4] High Efficiency Video Coding HEVC / H.265 article Available Vcodex website [5]
13 13 [10] Wei, Wei-Yi. "Deblocking Algorithms in Video and Image Compression Coding." Graduate Institute of Communication Engineering National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC [11] A. Norkin et al, HEVC Deblocking Filter, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp , Dec [12]W.Shen et al, A high-throughput VLSI architecture for deblocking filter in HEVC Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2013 IEEE International Symposium on, pp , May 2013 [13] W. Shen et al, A 64 Cycles/MB, Luma- Chroma Parallelized H.264/AVC Deblocking Filter for 4Kx2K Applications, IEICE TRANS.ELECTRON., vol.e95-c, no.4, pp , April [14] Ke Xu, Chiu-Sing Choy, A Five-Stage Pipeline, 204 Cycles/MB, Single-Port SRAM-Based Deblocking Filter for H.264/AVC, Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol.18, no.3, pp , March [15] P. List et al, Adaptive deblocking filter, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp , Jul. 2003
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