Deploying a New Hash Algorithm. Presented By Archana Viswanath
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1 Deploying a New Hash Algorithm Presented By Archana Viswanath 1
2 function? Hash function - takes a message of any length as input - produces a fixed length string as output - termed as a message digest or a digital fingerprint. 2
3 What is a Cryptographic Hash function? Cryptographic Hash function - hash function with certain additional security properties - used as a primitive in various information security applications - Provides authentication and message integrity 3
4 Working of a Hash Function 4
5 Prerequisites for a Cryptographic Hash function Preimage resistant- given h it should be hard to find any m such that h = hash(m). Second preimage resistant: given an input m1, it should be hard to find another input, m2 (not equal to m1) such that hash(m1) = hash(m2). This property is implied by collision-resistance. Collision-resistant: given hash(m1), it should be hard to find a message m2 such that hash(m1) = hash(m2). 5
6 Cryptographic Hash function considered insecure? Finding a (previously unseen) message that matches a given digest Finding collisions", wherein two different messages have the same message digest. An attacker who can do either of these things might, for example, use them to substitute an unauthorized message for an authorized one 6
7 Uses of Hash Functions Digital Signature HMAC Pseudo-Random functions Data Fingerpriting 7
8 Overview of Hash Transition Problem We have to deploy new hash functions at some point soon. It is a special case of the protocol transition problem. Certificates rely on hashes Goal: maintain security while new code is deployed 8
9 Protocol Transitional Environment Three types of Agents Old Agents which only speak the older version Switch-hitting Agents which can speak both versions New Agents which can only speak the new version. 9
10 Backward Compatibility Old agents and switch-hitting units should be able to communicate using the older version. General approach deploy as many switch-hitting implementations and then transition Interactive protocols Switch-hitting recognize that it is speaking to an old peer and fall back. Non-Interactive protocols transmit messages with old implementation. 10
11 Newest Common Version Interactive Protocols detect that both peers speak the new version and use it. Non-Interactive Protocols Start speaking older version and then advertise the support for the newer version. 11
12 Downgrade Protection Downgrade Attack(SSLv2) Use MAC 12
13 Credentials versus Implementation Peers public keys are authenticated using certificates. Upgrade of protocol is uncoupled from certificate issuance. Possibility - User has a security protocol implementation which understands SHA-256 but a certificate which was digested with SHA-1 or indeed, one certificate digested with SHA-1 and one with SHA-256. Certificate and protocol version capabilities need to be dealt with separately. 13
14 Internet Mail Extensions It is a standard message encryption and authentication protocol. Functioning - Public Key Cryptography for key establishment - Symmetric Cryptography for bulk encryption - Digital Signatures for message authentication/non-repudiation. 14
15 S/MIME Types of Clients Old clients. Switch-hitting clients with only old certificates. Switch-hitting clients with both types of certificate. Switch-hitting clients with new certificates. New clients with only new certificates. 15
16 S/MIME Initial Message Sending without a recipient certificate No public key to encrypt No information about the recipient s capabilities. Choice of Certificate? - If sender has only one certificate - If sender has two certificates Choice of Digest Algorithm? 16
17 S/MIME Initial Message Sending with the recipient s certificate If the recipient has multiple certificates then the one created with the strongest algorithm should be used. SMIMECapabilities indicates which algorithm the recipient was capable of using. 17
18 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement RFC 2631 [Res99] specified a method for Diffie-Hellman (DH) key agreement in which SHA-1 is used as a PRF(pseudo-random function) to compute encryption keys from the DH shared secret. 18
19 Take Away TIME TO MOVE ON!!! 19
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