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1 Jabber security
2 Peter Saint-Andre
3
4
5 secure communications
6 with Jabber
7 Jabber is...
8 open technologies
9 real-time messaging
10 presence
11 multimedia negotiation
12 and more
13 invented by Jeremie Miller in 1998
14 powered by streaming XML
15 over long-lived TCP connections
16 client-server architecture
17 decentralized network
18 inter-domain messaging
19 like
20 but really fast
21 with built-in presence
22 not one open-source project
23 multiple codebases
24 open-source and commercial
25 focus on XML wire protocol
26 core protocol IETF
27 Extensible
28 Messaging
29 and
30 Presence
31 Protocol
32 (XMPP)
33 RFCs
34 widely deployed
35 how many users?
36 we don t know
37 decentralized architecture
38 ~50 million IM users
39 not just IM
40 general XML routing
41 lots of applications beyond IM
42 continually defining XMPP extensions
43 XMPP Standards Foundation (XSF)
44 that s great, but...
45 how secure is it?
46 what is security?
47 secure conversation in real life...
48 a good friend visits your home
49 you know and trust each other
50 only the two of you
51 strangers can t enter your home
52 your home is not bugged
53 conversation is not recorded
54 what you say is private and confidential
55 contrast with the Internet...
56 the Internet is a dangerous place
57 lots of potential attacks
58 man in the middle
59 unauthenticated users
60 address spoofing
61 weak identity
62 rogue servers
63 denial of service
64 directory harvesting
65 buffer overflows
66 spam
67 spim
68 spit
69 splogs
70 viruses
71 worms
72 trojan horses
73 malware
74 phishing
75 pharming
76 information leaks
77 inappropriate logging and archiving
78 etc.
79 how do we fight these threats?
80 sorry, but...
81 Jabber is not a perfect technology
82 not originally built for high security
83 don t require GPG keys or X.509 certs
84 don t require ubiquitous encryption
85 maybe that s why we have 50 million users...
86 but privacy and security are important
87 so what have we done to help?
88 Jabber architecture...
89
90 client-server architecture
91 similar to
92 client connects to server (TCP 5222)
93 (or connect via HTTP binding over SSL)
94 client MUST authenticate
95 originally: plaintext or hashed password
96 Simple Authentication & Security Layer (SASL)
97 RFC 4422
98 many SASL mechanisms
99 PLAIN (OK over encrypted connection)
100 DIGEST-MD5
101 EXTERNAL (with X.509 certs)
102 KERBEROS (a.k.a. GSSAPI)
103 ANONYMOUS
104 etc.
105 all users are authenticated
106 server stamps user from address
107 Jabber IDs are logical addresses
108 look like addresses
109
110
111 not limited to US-ASCII characters
112
113
114
115 @jabber.jp
116 @math.it
117 full Unicode opens phishing attacks
118
119 clients should use petnames
120 store in buddy list [tm] (a.k.a. roster )
121 server stores your roster
122 server broadcasts your presence
123 but only to subscribers you have authorized
124 server must not expose your IP address
125 most traffic goes through server
126 traffic is pure XML
127 servers reject malformed XML
128 servers MAY validate traffic against schemas
129 difficult to inject binary objects
130 difficult to propagate malware
131 break alliance between viruses and spam
132 spim virtually unknown on Jabber network
133 why?
134 hard to spoof addresses
135 hard to send inline binary
136 XHTML subset (no scripts etc.)
137 clients check before accepting a file
138 XMPP not immune to spim
139 have spim-fighting tools ready when it appears
140 challenge-response to communicate
141 challenge-response to register account
142 spim reporting
143 reputation systems?
144 spimmers need to overcome rate limiting
145 distributed attack or rogue server
146 not impossible
147 just harder than other networks (got ?)
148 no rogue servers (yet)
149 a server MAY federate with other servers
150 many private XMPP servers
151 public servers federate as needed (TCP 5269)
152 DNS lookups to determine IP addresses
153 only one hop between servers
154 server identities are validated
155 server dialback (reverse DNS lookups)
156 effectively prevents server spoofing
157 receiving server checks sending domain
158 no messages from
159 DNS poisoning can invalidate
160 need something stronger?
161 Transport Layer Security (TLS)
162 RFC 4346
163 IETF upgrade to SSL
164 TLS + SASL EXTERNAL with X.509 certs
165 strong authentication of other servers
166 but only if not using self-signed certs
167 $$$
168 real X.509 certs are expensive
169 free digital certificates for XMPP server admins
170 intermediate CA for XMPP network
171 xmpp.net
172 root CA: StartCom
173 ICA: XMPP Standards Foundation
174 hopefully other CAs in future
175 channel encryption is a no-brainer
176 Mallory is foiled
177 but what about Isaac and Justin?
178
179 need end-to-end encryption ( e2e )
180 first try: OpenPGP (XEP-0027)
181 great for geeks
182 but Aunt Tillie doesn t use PGP
183 second try: S/MIME (RFC 3923)
184 great for geeks (and some employees)
185 but Aunt Tillie doesn t use X.509
186 XML encryption and digital signatures?
187 seems natural, but not much interest (c14n?)
188 doesn t provide perfect forward secrecy
189 off-the-record communications (OTR)?
190 great idea
191 opportunistic encryption (à la SSH)
192 perfect forward secrecy
193 but encrypts only the plaintext message body
194 we need to encrypt the entire packet
195 why?
196 because XMPP is more than just IM
197 e.g., protect IPs sent in multimedia negotiation
198 solution: encrypted sessions
199 big set of requirements...
200 packets are confidential
201 packet integrity
202 replay protection
203 key compromise does not reveal past comms
204 dependence on PKI not necessary
205 entities authenticated to each other
206 3rd parties cannot identify entities
207 repudiate any given message
208 robustness against attack (multiple hurdles)
209 upgradeability if bugs are discovered
210 encryption of full XMPP packets
211 implementable by typical developer
212 usable by typical user
213 just a dream?
214 how to address all requirements?
215 bootstrap from cleartext to encryption
216 in-band Diffie-Hellman key exchange
217 translate SIGMA approach to XMPP
218 similar to Internet Key Exchange (IKE)
219 details in XSF XEPs 116, 188, 200
220 major priority for 2007
221 support from NLnet (thanks!)
222 pursuing full security analysis
223 code bounties
224 more at blog.xmpp.org
225 wide implementation by end of 2007
226 so how are we doing?
227 spim free
228 hard to spoof addresses
229 pure XML discourages binary malware
230 DoS attacks possible but not easy
231 widespread channel encryption
232 working hard on end-to-end encryption
233 widely deployed in highsecurity environments
234 Wall Street investment banks
235 U.S. military
236 MIT and other universities
237 many public servers since 1999
238 no major security breaches
239 can t be complacent
240 always more to do
241 security is a neverending process
242 analysis and hacking encouraged
243 if it breaks, we ll fix it
244
245 join the conversation
246 let s build a more secure Internet
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