Chapter 28. Multimedia

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1 Chapter 28. Multimedia 28-1

2 Internet Audio/Video Streaming stored audio/video refers to on-demand requests for compressed audio/video files Streaming live audio/video refers to the broadcasting of radio and TV programs through the Internet Interactive audio/video refers to the use of the Internet for interactive audio/video applications 28-2

3 Digitizing Audio and Video Digitizing audio Voice: 64 Kbps = 8,000 samples x 8 bits Music: 44,100 samples x 16 bits -> Kbps for mono, 1,411 Mbps for stereo Digitizing video 25 frames/second, 1024 x 768 pixels, 24 bits/pixel 2 x 25 x 1024 x 768 x 24 = 944 Mbps Compression is needed to send video (audio) over the Internet Audio Compression Predictive encoding: GSM(13Kbps), G.729(8Kbps), G.723.3(6.4 or 5.3 Kbps) Perceptual encoding: MP3 (MPEG audio layer 3) Video Compression Image compression: JPEG Video compression: MPEG 28-3

4 Streaming Stored AV: (1) First approach: Using a Web server 28-4

5 Streaming Stored AV: (2) Second approach: Using a Web server with metafile 28-5

6 Streaming Stored AV: (3) Third approach: Using a media server 28-6

7 Streaming Stored AV: (4) Fourth approach: Using a media server and RTSP 28-7

8 Time relationship Real-time Interactive AV 28-8

9 Real-time Interactive AV Jitter is introduced in real-time data by the delay between packets 28-9

10 Timestamp To prevent jitter, we can timestamp the packets and separate the arrival time from the playback time 28-10

11 Playback Buffer A playback buffer is required for real-time traffic 28-11

12 Characteristics of Real-time AV Communication A sequence number on each packet is required for real-time traffic Real-time traffic needs the support of multicasting Translation means changing the encoding of a payload to a lower quality to match the bandwidth of the receiving network Mixing means combining several streams of traffic into one stream. Support from transport layer protocol TCP, with all its sophistication, is not suitable for interactive multimedia traffic because we cannot allow retransmission of packets. UDP is more suitable than TCP for interactive traffic. However, we need the services of RTP, another transport layer protocol, to make up for the deficiencies of UDP 28-12

13 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) RTP is designed to handle real-time traffic on the Internet RTP uses a temporary even-numbered UDP port 28-13

14 Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) 28-14

15 Real-time Transport Control Protocol (RTCP) RTCP is designed to control the flow and quality of data and allow the recipient to send feedback to the source or sources RTCP uses an odd-numbered UDP port number that follows the port number selected for RTP 28-15

16 Voice over IP Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) by IETF and H.323 by ITU-T SIP 28-16

17 SIP Simple Session 28-17

18 Tracking the Callee 28-18

19 H.323 Architecture and Protocols 28-19

20 H.323 Example 28-20

21 Push/Pull Based (Adaptive) Streaming Push based streaming Session setup between server and client RTSP + RTP +UDP Pull based streaming Contents request from client HTTP + TCP 28-21

22 HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) HAS follows pull-based streaming paradigm Rather than the traditional push-based streaming based on stateful protocol such as RTSP Since HTTP is a stateless protocol, the client plays the central role by carrying the intelligence that drives the video adaptation The advantage of HAS Avoids NAT and fire-wall traversal issues Reusing existing infrastructure Existing versions of HAS Apple : HTTP Live Streaming Microsoft : IIS Smooth Streaming Adobe : HTTP Dynamic Streaming DASH standardized by 3GPP and MPEG 28-22

23 HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) Bitrate Bitrate Bandwidth Requested Segments Bitrate Bitrate 3 Bitrate 3 Time Bitrate 2 Bitrate 2 Bitrate 1 Web Server HTTP Bitrate 1 Time Time Client 28-23

24 HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) Contents on the Web Server Movie A 200 Kbps Movie K 200 Kbps Movie K 400 Kbps... Movie K 1.2 Mbps... Movie K 2.2 Mbps Movie A 400 Kbps... Movie A 1.2 Mbps.... Movie A 2.2 Mbps... Fragments Start quickly Keep requesting Improve quality Loss/congestion detection Revamp quality 28-24

25 HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) IIS SS HDS HLS Cost Paid/free Paid Free Streaming Protocol HTTP/TCP HTTP/TCP, RTMP HTTP/TCP Codec H.264 H.264, VP6 H.264 Container MP4 MP4, FLV MPEG2 TS, f4f Manifest File Format Ism, Ismc m3u8 f4m Bit-rate Control Support Segment Switching Segment Switching Segment Switching Server Platform Windows Server Linux Mac OS Webserver IIS FMS Any server Client Platform Windows, ios Windows, Mac OS, Linux ios, Mac OS On-Demand & Live Streaming Both Both Both Transport Support Unicast, Multicast Unicast, Multicast Unicast, Multicast Adaptive Streaming mechanism Client Buffer Status, Packet Receiving Rate Client Buffer Status, Packet Receiving Rate Client buffer status, Packet Receiving Rate 28-25

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