SYSTEM UPGRADE, INC Making Good Computers Better. System Upgrade Teaches RAID

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1 System Upgrade Teaches RAID In the growing computer industry we often find it difficult to keep track of the everyday changes in technology. At System Upgrade, Inc it is our goal and mission to provide over the top customer service, and as part of that we feel the need to have up to date information at your fingertips. In the following pages you will find information regarding different RAID Levels. We thank you for all your support and look forward to working with everyone in the near future. WHAT IS RAID? Raid is an acronym for Redundant Array of Inexpensive (or Independent) Disks. A RAID array is a collection of drives which collectively act as a single storage system, which can tolerate the failure of a drive without losing data, and which can operate independently of each other. WHAT IS A RAID LEVEL? A RAID level is simply a different way to spread data across multiple drives a compromise between cost and speed. Understanding theses levels is very important in implementing your RAID, due to the fact that each level is optimized for a different use. WHAT IS JBOD? JBOD is defines as Just a Bunch Of Disks. This means that the Hard Disks are not configured according to a RAID, but a subsystem of disk drives that improves performance and fault tolerance. On to RAID Levels!

2 Also known as "Disk Striping", is technically not a RAID level since it provides no fault tolerance. (Parity) Data is written in blocks across multiple drives, so one drive can be writing or reading a block while the next is seeking the next block. The advantages of RAID 0 is it s high level of I/O performance because the I/Os are spread across multiple channels and drives. Best performance is achieved when data is striped across multiple controllers with only one drive per controller Because RAID 0 offers no fault tolerance, if one drive should fail, this will result a loss of all your data. This should never be used in a environment where data is mission critical. *RAID 0 requires a minimum of two drives to initiate. RAID 0 implements a striped disk array, the data is broken down into blocks and each block is written to a separate disk drive I/O performance is greatly improved by spreading the I/O load across many channels and drives Best performance is achieved when data is striped across multiple controllers with only one drive per controller Very simple design Not a "True" RAID because it is NOT faulttolerant The failure of just one drive will result in all data in an array being lost Should never be used in mission critical environments Easy to implement No parity calculation overhead is involved Video Production and Editing Image Editing Pre-Press Applications Any application requiring high bandwidth

3 Known as "Disk Mirroring" provides redundancy by fully duplicating drive data to all other drives in the array. If one drive fails, the others contain exact duplicate of the data and the RAID can switch to using the mirror drive with no lapse in user accessibility. The disadvantages of mirroring are no improvement in data access speed, and capacity is low. However, it provides the best protection of data since the array management software will simply direct all application requests to the surviving disk members when a member of disk fails. RAID level 1 provides both very high data reliability and continued data availability in the event of a failure of any array member. When a RAID level 1 member disk fails, array management software simply directs all application requests to the surviving member. RAID level 1 is most suitable for data which reliability requirements are extremely high, or for data to which high performance access is required. RAID 1 offers 100% data redundancy and requires no rebuild time. One Write or two Reads possible per mirrored pair Twice the Read transaction rate of single disks, same Write transaction rate as single disks 100% redundancy of data means no rebuild is necessary in case of a disk failure, just a copy to the replacement disk Transfer rate per block is equal to that of a single disk Under certain circumstances, RAID 1 can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures Highest disk overhead of all RAID types (100%) - inefficient Typically the RAID function is done by system software, loading the CPU/Server and possibly degrading throughput at high activity levels. Hardware implementation is strongly recommended May not support hot swap of failed disk when implemented in "software" Simplest RAID storage subsystem design Accounting Payroll Financial Any application requiring very high availability

4 Level 2 is the "black sheep" of the RAID family, because it is the only RAID level that does not use one or more of the "standard" techniques of mirroring, striping and/or parity. RAID 2 uses something similar to striping with parity, but not the same as what is used by RAID levels 3 to 7. It is implemented by splitting data at the bit level and spreading it over a number of data disks and a number of redundancy disks. The redundant bits are calculated using Hamming codes, a form of error correcting code (ECC). Each time something is to be written to the array these codes are calculated and written along side the data to dedicated ECC disks; when the data is read back these ECC codes are read as well to confirm that no errors have occurred since the data was written. If a single-bit error occurs, it can be corrected "on the fly". If this sounds similar to the way that ECC is used within hard disks today, that's for a good reason: it's pretty much exactly the same. It's also the same concept used for ECC protection of system memory. "On the fly" data error correction Extremely high data transfer rates possible The higher the data transfer rate required, the better the ratio of data disks to ECC disks Relatively simple controller design compared to RAID levels 3,4 & 5 Very high ratio of ECC disks to data disks with smaller word sizes - inefficient Entry level cost very high - requires very high transfer rate requirement to justify Transaction rate is equal to that of a single disk at best (with spindle synchronization) No commercial implementations exist / not commercially viable Depends on computing environment

5 RAID level 3 stripes data across multiple drives, with an additional drive dedicated to parity, for error correction & recovery. The technology used for a dedicated parity disk is to store redundant information about the data on several data disks. RAID level 3 is an excellent choice for applicators which require single stream I/O with a high data transfer rate. RAID level 3 is optimal for applications in which large blocks of sequential data must be transferred quickly, these applications usually are: Graphical imaging processors, CAD/CAM files, and others. Non-interactive applications that process large data sequentially. *RAID level 3 requires a minimum of 3 drives to initiate. Very high Read data transfer rate Very high Write data transfer rate Disk failure has an insignificant impact on throughput Low ratio of ECC (Parity) disks to data disks means high efficiency Transaction rate equal to that of a single disk drive at best (if spindles are synchronized) Controller design is fairly complex Very difficult and resource intensive to do as a "software" RAID Video Production and live streaming Image Editing Video Editing Prepress Applications Any application requiring high throughput

6 Each entire block is written onto a data disk. Parity for same rank blocks is generated on Writes, recorded on the parity disk and checked on Reads. RAID Level 4 requires a minimum of 3 drives to implement Very high Read data transaction rate Low ratio of ECC (Parity) disks to data disks means high efficiency High aggregate Read transfer rate Quite complex controller design Worst Write transaction rate and Write aggregate transfer rate Difficult and inefficient data rebuild in the event of disk failure Block Read transfer rate equal to that of a single disk Depends on computing environment

7 When RAID level 5 technology is combined with cache memory to improve it s write performance, the result can be used in any applications where general purpose disks would be suitable. For read only or read mostly application I/O loads, RAID level 5 performance should approximate that of a RAID level 0 array. In fact, for a given user capacity, RAID level 5 read performance should normally be slightly better because requests are spread across one more members than they would be in a RAID level 0 array of equivalent usable capacity. RAID level performs best in applications where data and I/O load characteristics match their capabilities. Those of which whose data availability is worth protecting, but the value of a full disk is questionable. *RAID level 5 requires a minimum of 3 drives to initiate Each entire data block is written on a data disk; parity for blocks in the same rank is generated on Writes, recorded in a distributed location and checked on Reads. RAID Level 5 requires a minimum of 3 drives to implement Highest Read data transaction rate Medium Write data transaction rate Low ratio of ECC (Parity) disks to data disks means high efficiency Good aggregate transfer rate Disk failure has a medium impact on throughput Most complex controller design Difficult to rebuild in the event of a disk failure (as compared to RAID level 1) Individual block data transfer rate same as single disk File and Application servers Database servers Web, , and News servers Intranet servers Most versatile RAID level

8 RAID 6 stripes blocks of data and parity across an array similar to RAID 5. Instead of a single parity, RAID 6 calculates two sets of parity information for each parcel data. This results in improving the arrays fault tolerance. RAID 6 can be slower than RAID 5 in terms of writes due to the added overhead of more parity calculations, but may be slightly faster in random reads due to the spreading of data over one more disk. RAID 6 requires a minimum of four drives to implement." RAID 6 is essentially an extension of RAID level 5 which allows for additional fault tolerance by using a second independent distributed parity scheme (dual parity) Data is striped on a block level across a set of drives, just like in RAID 5, and a second set of parity is calculated and written across all the drives; RAID 6 provides for an extremely high data fault tolerance and can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures Perfect solution for mission critical applications More complex controller design Controller overhead to compute parity addresses is extremely high Data is striped on a block level across a set of drives in a similar fashion as RAID 5 but a second set of parity is also calculated and written across all the drives. RAID 6 offers fault tolerance and drive-failure tolerance that can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures making it ideal for mission critical applications. RAID 6 requires a complex controller to implement and compensate for the high overhead of dual parity computations. Requires N+2 drives to implement because of the two dimensional parity scheme. Rebuilding significantly effects performance. Write performance can be brought on par with RAID Level 5 by using a custom ASIC for computing Reed-Solomon parity Requires N+2 drives to implement because of dual parity scheme Two independent parity computations must be used in order to provide protection against double disk failure. Two different algorithms are employed to achieve this purpose. RAID Level 6 requires a minimum of 4 drives to implement File and Application servers Database servers Excellent fault-tolerance with the lowest overhead Web and servers Intranet servers

9 The most popular of the multiple RAID levels, RAID 01 and 10 combine the best features of striping and mirroring to yield large arrays with high performance in most uses and superior fault tolerance. RAID 01 is a mirrored configuration of two striped sets; RAID 10 is a stripe across a number of mirrored sets. RAID 10 and 01 have been increasing dramatically in popularity as hard disks become cheaper and the four-drive minimum is legitimately seen as much less of an obstacle. RAID 10 provides better fault tolerance and rebuild performance than RAID 01. Both array types provide very good to excellent overall performance by combining the speed of RAID 0 with the redundancy of RAID 1 without requiring parity calculations. RAID 10 is implemented as a striped array whose segments are RAID 1 arrays RAID 10 has the same fault tolerance as RAID level 1 RAID 10 has the same overhead for faulttolerance as mirroring alone Very expensive / High overhead All drives must move in parallel to proper track lowering sustained performance Very limited scalability at a very high inherent cost High I/O rates are achieved by striping RAID 1 segments Under certain circumstances, RAID 10 array can sustain multiple simultaneous drive failures. Excellent solution for sites that would have otherwise gone with RAID 1 but need some additional performance boost RAID Level 10 requires a minimum of 4 drives to implement Database server requiring high performance and fault tolerance

10 RAID 05 and 50 form large arrays by combining the block striping and parity of RAID 5 with the straight block striping of RAID 0. RAID 05 is a RAID 5 array comprised of a number of striped RAID 0 arrays; it is less commonly seen than RAID 50, which is a RAID 0 array striped across RAID 5 elements. RAID 50 and 05 improve upon the performance of RAID 5 through the addition of RAID 0, particularly during writes. It also provides better fault tolerance than the single RAID level does, especially if configured as RAID 50. advantages RAID 50 should have been called "RAID 03" because it was implemented as a striped (RAID level 0) array whose segments were RAID 3 arrays (during mid-90s) Most current RAID 50 implementation is illustrated above RAID 50 is more fault tolerant than RAID 5 but has twice the parity overhead High data transfer rates are achieved thanks to its RAID 5 array segments High I/O rates for small requests are achieved thanks to its RAID 0 striping Maybe a good solution for sites who would have otherwise gone with RAID 5 but need some additional Depends on computing environment Very expensive to implement All disk spindles must be synchronized, which limits the choice of drives Failure of two drives in one of the RAID 5 segments renders the whole array unusable

11 The most popular of the multiple RAID levels, RAID 01 and 10 combine the best features of striping and mirroring to yield large arrays with high performance in most uses and superior fault tolerance. RAID 01 is a mirrored configuration of two striped sets; RAID 10 is a stripe across a number of mirrored sets. RAID 10 and 01 have been increasing dramatically in popularity as hard disks become cheaper and the four-drive minimum is legitimately seen as much less of an obstacle. RAID 10 provides better fault tolerance and rebuild performance than RAID 01. Both array types provide very good to excellent overall performance by combining the speed of RAID 0 with the redundancy of RAID 1 without requiring parity calculations advantages RAID 0+1 is implemented as a mirrored array whose segments are RAID 0 arrays RAID 0+1 has the same fault tolerance as RAID level 5 RAID 0+1 has the same overhead for fault-tolerance as mirroring alone High I/O rates are achieved thanks to multiple stripe segments Excellent solution for sites that need high performance but are not concerned with achieving maximum reliability RAID 0+1 is NOT to be confused with RAID 10. A single drive failure will cause the whole array to become, in essence, a RAID Level 0 array Very expensive / High overhead All drives must move in parallel to proper track lowering sustained performance Very limited scalability at a very high inherent cost RAID Level 0+1 requires a minimum of 4 drives to implement Imaging applications General fileserver

12 Similar to Raid 5 and 6, Raid TP stripes data across drives, but calculates for three parities that are written to three individual disks. Raid TP uses three independent equations to calculate each individual parity that enable reconstruction of data when three disks and/or blocks fail at the same time. Raid TP adds an extra level of redundancy to help protect your data. RAID level TP requires a minimum of 4 drives. Enterprise Storage Disk to Disk Backup Performance Driven HD video streaming applications Fixed content backup or archiving Regulation Compliance Storage Disaster recovery Storage

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