Interframe coding of video signals
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1 Interframe coding of video signals Adaptive intra-interframe prediction Conditional replenishment Rate-distortion optimized mode selection Motion-compensated prediction Hybrid coding: combining interframe prediction and intraframe transform coding Interframe Coding no. 1
2 Interframe coding of video signals... exploits similarity of successive pictures Previous frame Current frame Interframe Coding no. 2
3 It has been customary in the past to transmit successive complete images of the transmitted picture. [...] In accordance with this invention, this difficulty is avoided by transmitting only the difference between successive images of the object. Interframe Coding no. 3
4 Interframe DPCM s + e - Quantizer e' Entropy coder e' Entropy decoder s' Frame store s' Frame store Coder Decoder Interframe Coding no. 4
5 Adaptive intra-interframe Prediction Predictor is switched between two states: A: Intraframe prediction for moving or changed areas. B: Interframe prediction (previous frame prediction) for still areas of the picture. Ŝ intra = a 1 S 1 + a 2 S 2 + a 3 S 3 + a 4 S 4 Ŝ inter = S 20 Interframe Coding no. 5
6 Intra-interframe DPCM: feedback adaptation s + e - s ^ inter intra Quantizer Interframe predictor Intraframe predictor Predictor adaptation e' s' Entropy coder e' Entropy decoder inter intra Interframe predictor Intraframe predictor Predictor adaptation s' Coder Decoder Interframe Coding no. 6
7 Intra-interframe DPCM: feedforward adaptation s + e - s ^ inter intra Quantizer Interframe predictor Intraframe predictor e' s' Entropy coder e' Entropy decoder inter intra Interframe predictor Intraframe predictor s' Predictor adaptation intra-/interframe switching information Coder Decoder Interframe Coding no. 7
8 SIGNAL INPUT SEGMENTER Change (MOVEMENT DETECTOR) Conditional replenishment detector CODING, ADDRESSING, BUFFERING TRANSMISSION CHANNEL BUFFERING, DECODING, ADDRESSING SIGNAL OUTPUT FRAME DELAY Frame store Frame store CODER DECODER Still areas: repeat from frame store Moving areas: encode and transmit address and waveform Interframe Coding no. 8
9 Change detection Example of a pixel-wise change detector Current frame + - Previous frame ABS Average of 3x3 window Eliminate isolated points or pairs of points Example of a block-wise change detector Current frame + - Previous frame ABS Accumulate over NxN blocks Threshold Threshold Decision changed/ unchanged Decision changed/ unchanged Interframe Coding no. 9
10 Example: pixel-wise change detection Two successive video frames Change detection mask [Xinqiao Liu, EE368B class project, 2000] Interframe Coding no. 10
11 Crawford noise reduction filter Interframe Coding no. 11
12 Dirty Window effect Conditional replenishment scheme with change detection threshold set too high leads to the subjective impression of looking through a dirty window. Moving area picked up by change detector Moving areas missed by change detector Interframe Coding no. 12
13 Rate-distortion optimized mode selection How to choose the decision threshold, if distortion D shall be minimized for a given rate R? Assumptions Blockwise mode selection, block index i Additive overall distortion and rate Lagrangian cost function Strategy: minimize J i for each block i separately, using a common Lagrange multiplier λ Interframe Coding no. 13
14 Rate-distortion optimized mode selection (cont.) Consider 2 blocks with D(R) = D 1 (R 1 ) +D 2 (R 2 ) Intra-coding only D D 1 (R 1 ) D 2 (R 2 ) R Interframe Coding no. 14
15 Rate-distortion optimized mode selection (cont.) D Interframe replenishment Intraframe coding D 1 (R 1 ) D 2 (R 2 ) R Interframe Coding no. 15
16 Motion-compensated prediction previous frame moving object stationary background current frame y x time t Displacement vector shifted object Prediction for the luminance signal S(x,y,t) within the moving object: Ŝ(x, y,t) = S(x d x, y d y,t Δt) Interframe Coding no. 16
17 Combining transform coding and prediction Transform domain prediction Space domain prediction - - Interframe Coding no. 17
18 Motion-compensated hybrid coder - Decoder Coder Control Intra-frame DCT Coder Intra-frame Decoder Control Data DCT Coefficients Intra/Inter 0 Motion- Compensated Predictor Motion Estimator Motion Data Interframe Coding no. 18
19 Motion-compensated hybrid decoder Control Data DCT Coefficients Decoder Intra-frame Decoder Intra/Inter 0 Motion- Compensated Predictor Motion Data Interframe Coding no. 19
20 Reading B. Girod, H. Almer, L. Bengtsson, B. Christensson, P. Weiss, A Subjective Evaluation of Noise-Shaping Quantization for Adaptive Intra-/ Interframe DPCM Coding of Color Television Signals, IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 36, no. 3, pp , March B. Haskell, P. Gordon, R. Schmidt, J. Scattaglia, Interframe Coding of 525-Line, Monochrome Television at 1.5 Mbits/s, IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 25, no. 11, pp , Nov S. Ericsson, Fixed and Adaptive Predictors for Hybrid Predictive/ Transform Coding, IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. 33, no. 12, pp , Dec Interframe Coding no. 20
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