Customizing Progressive JPEG for Efficient Image Storage

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1 Customizing Progressive JPEG for Efficient Image Storage Eddie Yan Kaiyuan Zhang Xi Wang Karin Strauss Luis Ceze HotStorage 17 July 11, 2017

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11 Summary Today s image hosts need to store many images, but also at many different sizes (resolutions), increasing pressure on storage systems Leverage progressive image storage technology to reduce the effect of serving multiple resolutions of each image 3

12 Contents Intro & Related Work JPEG & Progressive JPEG Progressive JPEG for Dynamic Resizing Future Work & Conclusion 4

13 Facebook Stores Four Versions of Each Photo (2010) Facebook s photo store: handle many small files efficiently [Beaver OSDI 10] For each uploaded photo, Facebook generates and stores four images of different sizes, which translates to over 260 billion images and more than 20 petabytes of data. 5

14 Facebook Serves Different Image Sizes Depending on Context Facebook s photo cache: resizing on the fly + SSD caching [Huang SOSP 13] Facebook serves photos in many different forms to many different users. For instance, a desktop user with a big window will see larger photos than a desktop users with a smaller window who in turn sees larger photos than a mobile user. 6

15 FLICKR: No Capacity Upgrades for a Year with Resizing A Year Without A Byte [Flickr ] & Real-time Resizing of Flickr Images Using GPUs [Flickr ] 7

16 Goals for Image Storage image storage for large (social media services) should: 8

17 Goals for Image Storage image storage for large (social media services) should: offer low latency, high throughput [Beaver OSDI 10] [Huang SOSP 13] 8

18 Goals for Image Storage image storage for large (social media services) should: offer low latency, high throughput [Beaver OSDI 10] [Huang SOSP 13] serve multiple resolutions [Beaver OSDI 10] [Flickr 17 1 & 2 17] [Huang SOSP 13] 8

19 Goals for Image Storage image storage for large (social media services) should: offer low latency, high throughput [Beaver OSDI 10] [Huang SOSP 13] serve multiple resolutions [Beaver OSDI 10] [Flickr 17 1 & 2 17] [Huang SOSP 13] use minimal storage capacity [Google 17] [Horn NSDI 17] [Mozilla circa 14] 8

20 JPEG: Quantization 9

21 JPEG: Quantization 9

22 JPEG: Quantization 9

23 JPEG: Quantization 9

24 JPEG: Quantization 9

25 JPEG: Quantization 9

26 JPEG: Quantization 9

27 JPEG: Quantization 9

28 JPEG: Quantization 9

29 JPEG: Quantization 9

30 JPEG: Quantization

31 JPEG: Quantization

32 JPEG: Quantization

33 JPEG: Quantization

34 JPEG: Quantization

35 JPEG: Quantization

36 JPEG: Quantization

37 JPEG: Quantization

38 JPEG: Quantization 1 2 less quantization

39 JPEG: Quantization 1 2 less quantization 3... more quantization... 9

40 JPEG: Lossless Compression (0, 2)( 3); (1, 2)( 3); (0, 2)( 2); (0, 3)( 6); (0, 2) (2); (0, 3)( 4); (0, 1)(1); (0, 2)( 3); (0, 1)(1); (0, 1)(1); (0, 3)(5); (0, 1) (1); (0, 2)(2); (0, 1)( 1); (0, 1)(1); (0, 1)( 1); (0, 2) (2); (5, 1)( 1); (0, 1)( 1); (0, 0). 10

41 Baseline JPEG: Scanline Order 11

42 Baseline JPEG: Scanline Order 12

43 Progressive JPEG

44 Progressive JPEG

45 Progressive JPEG each scan is a refinement pass 13

46 Progressive JPEG represent image data in the frequency domain, roughly in frequency order load data in frequency order, grouped by scans header scan 1 scan 2 scan 3 scan 4 scan 5 14

47 Progressive JPEG Example header scan 1 PSNR: 27.9 db 15

48 Progressive JPEG Example header scan 1 scan 2 PSNR: 29.8 db 16

49 Progressive JPEG Example header scan 1 scan 2 scan 3 PSNR: 31.9 db 17

50 Progressive JPEG Example header scan 1 scan 2 scan 3 scan 4 PSNR: 37.9 db 18

51 Progressive JPEG Example header scan 1 scan 2 scan 3 scan 4 scan 5 PSNR: inf db 19

52 Progressive JPEG Example header scan 1 scan 2 scan 3 scan 4 scan 5 PSNR: 31.9 db PSNR: inf db 20

53 Progressive JPEG Example header scan 1 scan 2 scan 3 scan 4 scan 5 21

54 Targeting Dynamic Resizing 22

55 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) 22

56 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) 22

57 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) read( image.jpg, src) 22

58 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) read( image.jpg, src) 22

59 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) read( image.jpg, src) resize( image.jpg, 500px) 22

60 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) read( image.jpg, src) resize( image.jpg, 500px) 22

61 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) read( image.jpg, src) resize( image.jpg, 500px) send( image.jpg, 500px) 22

62 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) read( image.jpg, src) resize( image.jpg, 500px) send( image.jpg, 500px) 22

63 Targeting Dynamic Resizing request( image.jpg, 500px) read( image.jpg, src) resize( image.jpg, 500px) you can cache this send( image.jpg, 500px) 22

64 Three Methods for Dynamic Resizing read( image.jpg, src) 23

65 Three Methods for Dynamic Resizing read source JPEG read( image.jpg, src) decode 23

66 Three Methods for Dynamic Resizing read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) decode decode 23

67 Three Methods for Dynamic Resizing read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read custom progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) decode decode decode 23

68 Three Methods for Dynamic Resizing Baseline Progressive JPEG Custom Progressive JPEG read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read custom progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) decode decode decode 23

69 Our Approach Store only one size of each image, resize dynamically, and customize JPEGs to match target sizes 24

70 Using Custom Progressive JPEG find custom scan configuration predefined resolutions (a) write resolution to read offset mapping (b) saved data (c) read read necessary scans resize and encode (transcode) 25

71 Using Custom Progressive JPEG find custom scan configuration predefined resolutions (a) write resolution to read offset mapping (b) saved data (c) read read necessary scans resize and encode (transcode) 25

72 Using Custom Progressive JPEG find custom scan configuration predefined resolutions (a) write resolution to read offset mapping (b) saved data (c) read read necessary scans resize and encode (transcode) 25

73 Customizing Progressive JPEG

74 Customizing Progressive JPEG

75 Tune Coefficients Included in Each Scan to Match Quality Targets Directly

76 Tune Coefficients Included in Each Scan to Match Quality Targets Directly

77 Tune Coefficients Included in Each Scan to Match Quality Targets Directly % 27

78 Tune Coefficients Included in Each Scan to Match Quality Targets Directly % 25% 27

79 Tune Coefficients Included in Each Scan to Match Quality Targets Directly % 25% 50% 27

80 Choosing Coefficients 28

81 Choosing Coefficients 28

82 Choosing Coefficients best 28

83 Choosing Coefficients best 28

84 Choosing Coefficients best 28

85 Choosing Coefficients best best 28

86 Choosing Coefficients best 28

87 Choosing Coefficients best 28

88 Choosing Coefficients best 28

89 Choosing Coefficients best 28

90 Choosing Coefficients best 28

91 Choosing Coefficients best 28

92 Choosing Coefficients best 28

93 Choosing Coefficients best 28

94 Choosing Coefficients best 28

95 Choosing Coefficients best 28

96 Choosing Coefficients best 28

97 Evaluation 29

98 Evaluation minimize required storage capacity 29

99 Evaluation minimize required storage capacity minimize amount of data read (bandwidth) 29

100 Evaluation minimize required storage capacity minimize amount of data read (bandwidth) limit decode-time overheads 29

101 Dynamic Resizing Saves Capacity over Static Schemes 30

102 Customizing Progressive Reduces Read Bandwidth Requirements 31

103 Where to Decode for Resizing? Baseline Progressive JPEG Custom Progressive JPEG read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read custom progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) decode decode decode 32

104 Where to Decode for Resizing? Baseline Progressive JPEG Custom Progressive JPEG read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read custom progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) decode decode decode 32

105 Where to Decode for Resizing? Progressive JPEG is more expensive to decode than baseline JPEG Baseline Progressive JPEG Custom Progressive JPEG read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read custom progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) decode decode decode 32

106 Where to Decode for Resizing? Progressive JPEG is more expensive to decode than baseline JPEG Baseline Progressive JPEG Custom Progressive JPEG read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read custom progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) decode decode decode 32

107 Where to Decode for Resizing? Progressive JPEG is more expensive to decode than baseline JPEG Baseline Progressive JPEG Custom Progressive JPEG read source JPEG read progressive JPEG partially read custom progressive JPEG partially read( image.jpg, src) Two Choices: decode decode decode 1. decode on client 2. decode on server 32

108 Where to Decode for Resizing? 33

109 Where to Decode for Resizing? Client Server 33

110 Where to Decode for Resizing? Client Server Input Truncated PJPEG Truncated PJPEG 33

111 Where to Decode for Resizing? Client Server Input Truncated PJPEG Truncated PJPEG Output Resized JPEG Resized JPEG 33

112 Where to Decode for Resizing? Client Server Input Truncated PJPEG Truncated PJPEG Output Resized JPEG Resized JPEG Baseline Input Resized JPEG Full Size JPEG 33

113 Where to Decode for Resizing? Client Server Input Truncated PJPEG Truncated PJPEG Output Resized JPEG Resized JPEG Baseline Input Resized JPEG Full Size JPEG Change in Input Resized JPEG to Truncated Progressive Full Size JPEG to Truncated Progressive 33

114 Decoding on the Server has Lower Overhead 34

115 Decoding on the Server has Lower Overhead 34

116 35

117 Minimize required storage capacity 35

118 Minimize required storage capacity Minimize amount of data read 35

119 Minimize required storage capacity Minimize amount of data read Limit decode-time overheads 35

120 dynamic resizing custom PJPEG +dynamic resizing Minimize required storage capacity Minimize amount of data read Limit decode-time overheads 35

121 dynamic resizing custom PJPEG +dynamic resizing Minimize required storage capacity Minimize amount of data read Limit decode-time overheads 35

122 dynamic resizing custom PJPEG +dynamic resizing Minimize required storage capacity Minimize amount of data read Limit decode-time overheads 35

123 dynamic resizing custom PJPEG +dynamic resizing Minimize required storage capacity Minimize amount of data read Limit decode-time overheads 35

124 Future Work we need accurate, perceptual, image quality metrics we should make this faster 36

125 Conclusion 37

126 Conclusion modern image storage services store a lot of images, at many resolutions 37

127 Conclusion modern image storage services store a lot of images, at many resolutions serving multiple resolutions is necessary, but wastes capacity 37

128 Conclusion modern image storage services store a lot of images, at many resolutions serving multiple resolutions is necessary, but wastes capacity we can do better by only reading the necessary data for each request and customizing image data layout 37

129 Thank You Questions? 38

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