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1 Programming for image analysis xv xv is an interactive image manipulation program for the X Window System grab Programs for: image ANALYSIS image processing tools for writing your own programs available at IT CHAPTER 6 color image processing CHAPTER 5 image restoration fundamental steps CHAPTER 7 wavelets and multiresolution processing CHAPTER 8 compression CHAPTER 9 morphological processing CHAPTER 10 segmentation WINDOWS color editor histogram equalization, contrast stretch,... ALGORITHMS filters blur, sharpen,... geometric transforms rotate,... p r o b l e m CHAPTER 3&4 image enhancement CHAPTER 2 image acquisition knowledge base CHAPTER 11 representation & description CHAPTER 12 object recognition grab image

2 xv color editor gimp example enhancement layers gimp GNU Image Manipulation Program paint program, photo retouching, image composition,... free ENVI ENvironment for Visualizing Images developed for remote sensing and GIS If you enjoy using Adobe's Photoshop program, you'll love the GIMP... image enhancement

3 VIP Visual IDL Programming environment programming IDL without knowing the language IDL Interactive Data Language for data analysis and visualization used to write ENVI khoros tool boxes for visualization: multispectral, 3D image processing data manipulation visual programming

4 VTK Visualization ToolKit C++ class library, and several interpreted interface layers (Tcl/Tk, Java, Python...) free image processing toolbox from MATLAB and Signal Processing Toolbox read/write a number of image formats predefined functions image transforms filtering enhancement feature extraction MATLAB MATrix LABoratory most suited for matrix operations not: for x=1:n for y=1:n,... image processing toolbox help images helpdesk images basic structure in MATLAB is the array image is (often) stored as 2D array each element in matrix (image I) = pixel addressed I(x,y) many predefined functions for image processing and analysis ((often) well described) available at IT write your own programs!!!!

5 image representation conversions indexed images image array I, colormap C (index colour) intensity images 2D array element = pixel intensity value [0,1] binary images special kind of intensity image pixels have value 0 (white) or 1 (black) RGB images 3D array (MxNx3) MxN intensity image for red, green, blue component uint8-type 8-bit images each pixel is 1 byte with values from 0 to 255 uint16-type 16-bit images each pixel is 2 byte with values from 0 to double or uint8/uint16 uint8 indexed, intensity, RGB indexed, intensity, RGB uint8 indexed, intensity, RGB BW THRESHOLDING RGB intensity matrix intensity im2double im2uint8, im2uint16 im2bw rgb2gray mat2gray I/O: read and write image arithmetics imread I=imread( imagename.tif, tif ) Format bmp 'cur' 'gif' 'hdf' 'ico 'jpg' or 'jpeg' 'pcx' png' 'tif' or 'tiff' 'xwd' File Type Windows Bitmap (BMP) Windows Icon resources (ICO) Windows Paintbrush (PCX) Tagged File Format (TIFF) X Windows Dump (XWD) imwrite imwrite(i, imagename.tif, tif ) Windows Cursor resources (CUR) Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) Hierarchical Data Format (HDF) Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Portable Networks Graphics (PNG) MATLAB arithmetic operators (+, -,...) do not accept uint8 or uint16 data... out of range... new version: imadd, imsubtract,... enhancement change brightness/add constant: brighten change contrast&brightness: imadjust image arithmetics convert to double logical operations binary image &, ~,...

6 pixel coordinates discrete coordinate system y spatial coordinates continuous spatial transformations interpolation nearest neighbour (1) bilinear (2x2) bicubic (4x4) resizing imresize rotation imrotate cropping x I(row,column) upper left corner = (1,1) upper left corner = (0.5,0.5) displaying images imshow(nameofimage) display by using image (& imagesc) function Handle Graphics image object imshow automatically sets Handle Graphics properties and attributes to optimize display imresize imshow(bil) bilx=imcrop(bil,[x Y cutsize cutsize]); imshow(bilx) Small=0.6; bilsmall=imresize(bil, Small,'bilinear'); bilsmallx=imcrop( imshow(bilsmallx) Large=2.5; billarge=imresize(bil, Large,'bilinear'); billargex=imcrop( imshow(billargex)

7 imrotate imshow(bil) rot=25; bilrotn=imrotate(bil,rot,'nearest'); bilrotbl=imrotate(bil,rot,'bilinear'); imshow(bilrotn) bilnx=imcrop( bilblx=imcrop( imshow(bilnx) imshow(bilblx) bil2=imadjust(bil,[10/ /255],[]); imshow(bil2) imhist(bil2) bileq=histeq(bil); imshow(bileq) imhist(bileq) histogram processing histogram of an image imhist contrast stretching imadjust histogram equalization histeq filtering predefined (fspecial) design own filters MxN matrix with entries [0,1] centre in (M/2,N/2) apply filter using filter2 predefined edge filters: edge

8 biledge=edge(bil,'sobel'); fgaussian=fspecial('gaussian') bilgaussian=im2uint8(filter2(fgaussian,im2double(bil))); filtsize=5; fmean=ones(filtsize,filtsize)/(filtsize*filtsize) bilmean=im2uint8(filter2(fmean,im2double(bil))); fsobel = fgaussian = Fourier transform fft, fft2, and fftn implement fast Fourier transform algorithm for computing the one-dimensional DFT, two-dimensional DFT, and N-dimensional DFT, respectively. Functions ifft, ifft2, and ifftn compute the inverse DFT. possible to create and apply filters in frequency domain: highpass, lowpass, bandpass,... image transforms image usually function of two (three) spatial variables f(x,y) transformation gives an alternative representation Fourier transform discrete cosine transform use FFT freqdist=imread('images/freqdist.tif'); imshow(freqdist) freqdistfft=fft2(freqdist); imshow(log(abs(fftshift(freqdistfft))),[]) same as centreshift in IMP

9 binary image operations thresholding labelling simple descriptors area, perimeter, euler number morphological operators label image select connected component imshow(invcircles) [circlesid nrcirc]= bwlabel(invcircles,8); imshow(circlesid,[]) oneid=bwselect(circlesid,8); imshow(oneid,[]) create binary image morphology imshow(circles) imhist(circles) threscircles=im2bw(circles,150/255); imshow(threscircles) invcircles=~threscircles; imshow(invcircles) structuring element defined by MxN matrix of 0s and 1s origin in (M/2,N/2) imshow(tower) SE=[1 1 1; 1 1 1; 1 1 1]; towershrink=erode(tower,se); imshow(towershrink) towergrow=dilate(tower,se); imshow(towergrow)

10 added distance transform with applications watershed,... more morphology more image formats image arithmetics imadd, imsubtract, imlincomb,... ImageJ image processing and analysis in Java easy to add own (or others ) plugins can be run as applet free other tool boxes for MATLAB thresholding the 'Q' Software DIP image [SDC Morphology Toolbox

11 measurements write own IJ plugins Java complier needed added under Plugins recorder function exists ImagePlus image object: COLOR_256 COLOR_RGB GRAY32 GRAY16 GRAY8 getpixel, setpixel,... ROI - region of interest to work on part of image draw use already exisiting functions and more...

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