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1 RAID Network RAID File System 1) Takashi MATSUMOTO 1) ( {1{2 tmatsu@nii.ac.jp) ABSTRACT. The NRFS is a brand-new kernel-level subsystem for a low-cost distributed le system with fault-tolerant abilities. We call it \Network RAID File System (NRFS)" which does not require any dedicated-hardware for conventional RAID devices. Whereas the conventional RAID consists of multiple inexpensive disk drives, the NRFS consists of multiple inexpensive PCs/WSs that are members of a distributed environment and include some disk drive(s) inside. The NRFS was developed based on the NFS. The NRFS adopts a new error detection method for RAIDs \majority decision" which is an extension of the mirroring method. The method enable the NRFS to support not only disk crashes but also memory errors and/or controller (i.e. PC) errors. Since the NRFS has machine-level redundancies, it can replace a wrong disk or repair a server PC without stopping the NRFS services. 1 SOHO 2 RAID NRFS NFS NFS PC NRFS NRFS RAID 1

2 Data Block Copy Data Block P = A^B^C^D A B C D P A A HDD 0 HDD 1 HDD 2 HDD 3 HDD 4 HDD 0 HDD RAID RAID NRFS 3 NRFS RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) [1] RAID 1 RAID byte 512byte 4 512byte RAID CPU RAID RAID SCSI IDE RAID RAID :NRFS 4 NRFS 4.1 RAID RAID RAID 2

3 SCSI/IDE/extension BUS RAID Controller RAID device Data Block Copy Copy HDD 0 HDD 1 HDD 2 HDD A A B B client PC/WS 4 HDD PC/WS 0 PC/WS 1 PC/WS 2 PC/WS 3 HDD HDD HDD HDD inexpensive server node 3 Local Area Network inexpensive server node Network RAID system inexpensive server node RAID vs. Network RAID inexpensive server node [2] RAID RAID 3 RAID NRFS RAID RAID 4 HDD 0 HDD 1 4 HDD 2 HDD 3 NRFS NRFS 2 RAID 3 CRC ECC NRFS RAID 3

4 CPU LAN MD5 [3] SHA-1 [4] 1 bit MD5 SHA- 1 RAID RAID NIC RAID TCP/IP UDP/IP NIC [5] NIC 16bit TCP/IP UDP/IP TCP/IP UDP/IP NIC RAID NIC Gigabit Linux NRFS 5.1 Linux NRFS NRFS Linux NFS (Network File System) [6] NRFS VFS Virtual File System Linux NRFS Linux NRFS NFS VFS Linux NRFS Linux NRFS Red Hat Linux NRFS Linux NRFS URL 4

5 from/to other servers NRFS client NRFS server User process System call layer recovery daemon recovery daemon recovery daemon Virtual file system layer Virtual file system layer UFS NFS client NRFS client routine routine NRFS server routine NFS server routine UFS Local disk UDP/IP driver UDP/IP driver UDP/IP driver UDP/IP driver Local disk Local area network Linux NRFS NRFS NFS VFS 5 NRFS NRFS NRFS NFS NRFS NRFS client routine UDP/IP driver (RPC) NRFS server routine UDP/IP driver (RPC) root recovery daemon fork NRFS RPC NRFS server 5.3 NRFS NFS or NFS i-node NFS NRFS NFS 5

6 NFS Linux NRFS Linux VFS VFS NRFS mount VFS VFS NRFS VFS NFS VFS-NFS VFS i-node ID ID ID VFS ID NRFS i-node ID ID NRFS ID ID VFS VFS NRFS ID i-node ID RPC Linux NFS RPC RPC RPC RPC RPC RPC RPC RPC NRFS lookup readdir RPC NFS 1 1page readdir 2 readdir readdir NRFS readdir 2 readdir 1 NRFS readdir readdir readdir NFS NRFS NRFS NFS NFS Linux i-node i version NFS EXT2 UFS i version NFS NFS i version i version 6

7 i version NRFS NRFS NFS NFS Ver.2 NFS NRFS NRFS NRFS NFS NRFS NRFS VFS NFS RPC VFS dentry 6 Linux NRFS client1 serv1:/export/serv1, serv2:/export/serv2, serv3:/export/serv3, /usr/nrfs NRFS serv1:/export/serv1, serv2:/export/serv2, serv3:/export/serv3, client1 rw root export client1 NFS NRFS NRFS export client1 root mount client1# mount serv1::/export/serv1 /usr/nrfs client1# mount serv2::/export/serv2 /usr/nrfs client1# mount serv3::/export/serv3 /usr/nrfs mount mount NFS NRFS : :: df 6 /usr/nrfs NRFS mount /usr/nrfs (/usr/sbin/recovery) or or NRFS 7

8 client1# df Filesystem 1k-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on /dev/sda % / /dev/sda % /boot /dev/sda % /home /dev/sda % /usr /dev/sda % /var serv1::/export/serv % /usr/nrfs serv2::/export/serv % /usr/nrfs serv3::/export/serv % /usr/nrfs client1# 6 df 7 Linux NRFS 7.1 2Gbyte local NFS NRFS NFS NRFS local Large File Pentium-III 800MHz, 128MB, 440BX Celeron 850MHz/128KB, 128MB (Server 4) NIC 3COM 3C905B-J-TX Red Hat Linux 6.2J Second Edition / Kernel NRFS3 3 3 NRFS NRFS4 4 NRFS 1 Large File 2.0GB ( ) (MB/ ) local NFS local NRFS local NRFS NFS local NRFS3 local NRFS4 local Gigabit Ethernet NIC NIC 100BASE 1 Many Files Linux 2.271Gbyte 2 Many Files 2.271GB ( ) (MB/ ) local NFS local NRFS local NRFS NFS local NRFS3 local NRFS4 local NRFS NFS Large File 100BASE-TX NRFS NFS NFS 2Mbyte/sec 7.2 Large File Many Files 100BASE Gigabit Ethernet 8

9 BASE GbE Gigabit Ethernet Pentium-III 1GHz, 512MB, ServerSet III HE-SL 100BASE-TX:intel82559, GbE:SysKonnect SK Red Hat Linux 6.2J Second Edition / Kernel smp 3 Large File 1.26GB NIC ( ) (MB/ ) local NFS local NFS GbE local NRFS local NRFS GbE NFS local NFS local GbE NRFS local NRFS local GbE NRFS 3 100BASE NFS NIC 100BASE NFS NRFS 3 1 GbE 4 100BASE GbE NRFS 100BASE NFS 100BASE NFS GbE NRFS Many Files 4 Many Files 1.429GB NIC ( ) (MB/ ) local NFS local NFS GbE local NRFS local NRFS GbE NFS local NFS local GbE NRFS local NRFS local GbE NFS, NRFS GbE NRFS 100BASE NFS 7.3 checksumreaddir checksumreaddir Pentium-III 800MHz, 128MB, 440BX NIC 3COM 3C905B-J-TX Red Hat Linux 6.2J Second Edition / Kernel checksumreaddir 1,000 2,000 10,000 20,000 40, , checksumreaddir 1,000 20, BASE 8 NRFS 4 12, 13 ( 12 ) ( 13 ) IPA RAID Linux RAID NRFS NRFS Huang Qiang 9

10 9 Linux NRFS NRFS SSS{CORE [7] [8] Linux NRFS NFS Linux NRFS SSS{CORE Linux 2 16 Linux NFS Linux Linux Linux NFS VFS NFS NRFS gcc, PC-UNIX, Linux NRFS NRFS Linux NRFS NRFS 1. Linux 2.4.x NRFS 2. lockd NRFS NIC 5. NRFS 6. NRFS NRFS Linux NRFS [1] D. A. Patterson, G. A. Gibson and R. H. Katz: A Case for Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks (RAID). In Proc. of Int. Conf. on Management of Data, pp. 109{116 (September 1988). [2] : NIC RAID. Vol.2000, No.74, pp.79{84 (August 2000). [ 3] R. Rivest: The MD5 Message-Digest Algorithm. RFC 1321, (April 1992). [4] National Institute of Standards and Technology: FIPS PUB 180-1:Secure Hash Standard. U.S. Department of Commerce, (April 1995). [ 5] Sun Microsystems, Inc.: Fast Ethernet, Parallel Port, SCSI (FEPS) User's Manual Revision 1.0. Sun Microsystems, Inc., (April 1996). [ 6] Sun Microsystems, Inc.:NFS:Network File System Protocol Specication. RFC 1094, (March 1989). [7], : SSS{CORE. 11, pp.13{16 (October 1994). [8], : SSS{CORE. 17,, pp.175{188 (October 1998). 10

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