MANET Architecture and address auto-configuration issue

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1 MANET Architecture and address auto-configuration issue Namhi Kang Catholic University

2 Contents Background Information Overview Common MANET misperception Multilink subnet issue MANET Architecture MANET interface characteristics MANET addressing architecture Address Autoconfiguration for MANET Terminology and problem statement MANET autoconfiguration /44

3 Background Information

4 MANET Overview Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) Operated without any support from fixed infrastructure Self-organized & Self-configured networks Benefits of wireless ad hoc networks No wiring processes Low cost Incremental deployment Install-and-work immediately Short deployment time Reconfigurability /44

5 IP Auto-Configuration Overview [1] IP Address Auto-Configuration Dynamic & automatic assignment is desirable for several reasons IP addresses can be assigned on-demand - Provides self-configuration - Plug & Play capability Avoid manual IP configuration Support mobility of laptops Mechanisms Link local addresses: No router or server required Stateless mechanisms: Router advertise Prefix Stateful mechanisms: Using DHCP kang@catholic.ac.kr 5/44

6 IP Auto-Configuration Overview [2] IPv4 Address Configuration Figure Src.: Yong-Jin Kim at ETRI /44

7 IP Auto-Configuration Overview [3] IPv6 Address Configuration Figure Src.: Yong-Jin Kim at ETRI /44

8 Classic IP Link Model Classic IP Link Model IP Addr p1::1 IP Link with Subnet Prefix p1:: Direct delivery IP Addr p1::3 Indirect delivery R1 (source IP address AND subnet mask) == (dest. IP address AND subnet mask) Direct delivery Indirect delivery Direct vs. Indirect Communication - TTL/Hop-limit decrementation - Link-local multicasts/broadcasts region IP Addr p1::2 R2 IP Link with Subnet Prefix p2:: All interfaces assigned with the same IP Subnet (IPv4) or Prefix (IPv6) IP Addr p2::1 IP Addr p2::2 IP Addr p2:: kang@catholic.ac.kr 8/44

9 Common Misperception [1] MANET should emulate an Ethernet at L3 Considering MANET nodes as regular hosts in an Ethernet An IP address and a subnet prefix assigned to MANET interface MANET Node MANET Subnet Prefix + IP address Router MANET Interface Host With a single subnet prefix shared among the MANET nodes - All MANET nodes belonging to the same subnet - Lead to multilink subnet issue kang@catholic.ac.kr 9/44

10 Common Misperception [2] MANET Routing incompatibility Forwarding of IP datagrams within the MANET Intermediate nodes produce ICMP redirects Because IP datagrams delivered within a subnet are not supposed to be forwarded by a router A direct link between any two nodes within a subnet is supposed to exist Data src: T. Clausen at INRIA kang@catholic.ac.kr 10/44

11 Multilink Subnet Issues [1] Multilink subnet considered in some networks Multilink Subnet (All links have the same prefix) BS (a) (b) (c) /44

12 Multilink Subnet Issues [2] IP model Link topological area bounded by routers that decrement the IPv4 TTL or IPv6 Hop Limit when forwarding packets Subnet topological area that uses the same address prefix - that is not further subdivided except into individual addresses IPv6 addressing architecture IPv6 continues the IPv4 model that a subnet is associated with one link. Multiple subnets may be assigned to the same link Multi-link subnet needs a change to the existing IP model kang@catholic.ac.kr 12/44

13 Multilink Subnet Issues [3] TTL/Hop Limit Issues Setting TTL/Hop Limit to 1 To ensure that packets sent do not leave the link Not to prevent an off-link attacker from sending a packet Link-local Multicast Name Resolution, Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) Checking that TTL/Hop Limit is 255 on receipt To prevent a receiver from accepting packets from an off-link sender Not to prevent a sent packet from forwarded off-link Neighbor Discovery (ND) In Stevens Unix Network Programming TTL=0 means node-local, 1 means link-local TTL=1 packets are restricted to a subnet - If not specified, IP_MULTICAST_TTL and IPV6_MULTICAST_HOPS are set to 1 by default, which restricts the datagram to the local subnet kang@catholic.ac.kr 13/44

14 Multilink Subnet Issues [4] Link-scoped Multicast and Broadcast Routers do not forward directed broadcast packets either, nor do they forward limited broadcasts Many protocols and applications today use link-scoped multicast DVMRP, OSPF, RIP, EIGRP, ND, DHCP All protocols mentioned above or on the IANA assignments lists will not work across a multi-link subnet without protocol-specific proxying functionality in routers (proxing does not scale) Multi-link subnet hinders the development and use of future protocols using link-scoped multicast kang@catholic.ac.kr 14/44

15 Multilink Subnet Issues [5] Duplicate Address Detection (DAD) To use link-scoped multicast (IPv6) or link-scoped broadcast (IPv4) Sufficient to check that the link-local address generated from the identifier is unique on the link Existence of current implementations causes problems with multi-link subnets /44

16 Multilink Subnet Issues [6] Recommendations To use Multi-access or Point-to-point IP link model Multi-link subnet mode SHOULD be avoided BS /44

17 MANET Architecture Major reference - draft-ietf-autoconf-manetarch-07 (November, 2007)

18 MANET Architecture Mobile Ad hoc Network Loosely connected set of MANET routers MANET router (MNR) To embody routing/forwarding functionality and also incorporate host functionality To organize and maintain a routing structure among themselves Usually to communicate over dynamic wireless links, may be mobile, and may join and leave the network at any time kang@catholic.ac.kr 18/44

19 MANET Interface Characteristics [1] Wireless Interface Properties Shared bandwidth Interference range effects Many protocols do not operate in wireless network with asymmetric char. Such as Neighbor Discovery To have time varying performance Hidden terminals Asymmetric connectivity /44

20 MANET Interface Characteristics [2] Ad-hoc Networking Properties To allow nodes to join and leave the network or even form new networks Dynamic & arbitrary changes in network topology Link appearing and disappearing over time Changing MANET membership Mobility Network Partition and (re) merge issues How to discover and maintain MBR to connect Internet Difficult to attain, establish, and maintain network neighbor relationship between nodes /44

21 MANET Interface Characteristics [3] Semi-broadcast Property Broadcast packets reach at all nodes on the same link N3 s view: N2 and N4 are on the same link N4 s view: N3 and N5 are on the same link Are all nodes on the same link?? - Non-transitive neighbor relationships kang@catholic.ac.kr 21/44

22 MANET Interface Characteristics [4] Fuzzy neighbor relationship & extended neighborhood Hard to define neighbors In Ethernet network A particular range of addresses are directly reachable In MANET A particular set of addressable nodes can not always be reachable kang@catholic.ac.kr 22/44

23 MANET Addressing architecture [1] Goals To preserve integrity of the IP addressing architecture while allowing for the particularities of MANETs To consider MANET routers as simply routers with nodes attached Links between router and hosts => Classic IP links If the MANET router is delegated a prefix p::, this prefix can be assigned to the classic IP link(s), and hosts can be assigned addresses from within this prefix kang@catholic.ac.kr 23/44

24 MANET Interface Configuration MANET interface NOT to be configured with the prefix assigned for the hosts MUST be configured with Unique prefixes No two MANET interfaces are configured to appear within the same IP prefix Some examples - Unnumbered interfaces (IPv4) - Link-local addresses (IPv6) - /128 (IPv6) or /32 (IPv4) Prefixes Link-local Multicast/Broadcast Scope To reach MANET interfaces of neighboring nodes, regardless of their configured addresses Link-local packets are never forwarded - Neighborcast kang@catholic.ac.kr 24/44

25 MANET Network View Configured MANET with Routers & Hosts MANET addressing model MANET interfaces are seen only by the MANET aware router and running appropriate protocols Hosts and subnets on a non-manet interface assume a classical IP link model Applications on hosts and protocols assuming classical IP interfaces run unmodified kang@catholic.ac.kr 25/44

26 Routers and Hosts in a MANET MANET protocol Developed to work on MANET interfaces and to be MANET-aware MANET WG Chartered to develop routing protocols for MANET interfaces Autoconf WG Chartered to develop auto-configuration protocols for MANET interfaces and MANET routers => MANET addressing framework is similar to how routing in the existing Internet is structured kang@catholic.ac.kr 26/44

27 Address autoconfiguration for MANET : Terminology and Problem Statement Major reference - draft-ietf-autoconf-statement-00 (June 2007)

28 Introduction Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) Loosely connected set of MANET routers MANET interface Need to automatically acquire at least one IP address which is unique within a given scope kang@catholic.ac.kr 28/44

29 Deployment Scenarios Standalone MANET Networks NOT connected to any external network MANET Routers No previous configuration, or Pre-configured local or global IP addresses (or prefixes) Connected MANET To have connectivity to one or more external networks (e.g., Internet), by means of one or more MBR (MANET Border Router) MANET Routers No previous configuration, or Pre-configured local or global IP addresses (or prefixes) /44

30 MANET Autoconfiguration Goals MANET routers Need to configure an IPv6 prefix(es) on its host interface and/or an IPv6 address on its loopback interface Need to configure a /128 and/or a link-local address on its MANET interface Primary goal of MANET autoconfiguration To provide mechanisms for IPv6 prefix allocation and address assignment suited for mobile ad hoc environments To address the distributed, multi-hop nature of MANETs To follow topology and connectivity changes by (re) configuring addresses and/or prefixes To achieve - low overhead due to scarce bandwidth - low delay due to the dynamicity of the topology kang@catholic.ac.kr 30/44

31 Shortcomings of Existing Solutions Lack of Multi-hop support Traditional solutions assume that a broadcast directly reaches every router or host on the network, but is not generally true in MANET MR3 cannot directly communicate with a DHCP server Lack of Dynamic Topology Support Invalidate traditional solution assuming hierarchy and reachability to the (DHCP) server Lack of Network Merging Support IP addresses that are locally unique within a MANET cannot be guaranteed if the MANET merges with another MANET Lack of Network Partitioning Support Not to provide any mechanism for allocating unique prefix(es) to routers in order to enable the configuration of host interfaces (especially in standalone MANET case) kang@catholic.ac.kr 31/44

32 MANET Autoconfiguration Issues (1) Address and prefix generation To define address generation algorithms not always based on traditional central server scheme and hierarchies to provide MANET routers with addresses and prefixes Difficult to totally avoid address and prefix duplication a priori over all the MANET, due to multi-hop aspect of MANET Address uniqueness Issues Pre-service issue Generated address should be verified before using it - Not to create an address conflict within the specified scope - To reduce the risks of loops due to duplicate addresses In-service issue MANET merging and partitioning phenomena bring the need for a continuous checking for address uniqueness within the specified scope kang@catholic.ac.kr 32/44

33 MANET Autoconfiguration Issues (2) MANET Border Router related issues MBR mobility MBR can be mobile and leave the MANET - Global addresses used by the routers in the MANET may be invalid MBR multiplicity If one prefix is used for the whole MANET - MANET partitioning may invalid routes in the Internet towards MANET routers If each MBR owns separate prefix - Lead to non-optimal paths followed by inbound/outbound data traffic - Some routes may be broken when a device changes its MBR IPv6 specification Strict application of stateless address autoconfiguration - Lead to check every IPv6 unicast address for uniqueness - Possible to bring a large amount of control signaling, due to frequent reconfiguration - Especially in Multiple-MBR/multiple-prefixes MANET case Not to specify an address scope for a MANET - MBR can leak MANET local traffic outside the MANET kang@catholic.ac.kr 33/44

34 MANET Autoconfiguration Major reference - draft-templin-autoconf-dhcp-10.txt (November 2007)

35 Introduction Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) To connect MNRs on links with asymmetric reachability characteristics MNRs To participate in a routing protocol over MANET interfaces to discover routes across the MANET using multiple forwarding hops if necessary To have a means to automatically provision global- and/or local-scope IP addresses/prefixed plus other configuration information To embody a router entity that connects its attached networks to MANETs and/or other networks including the Internet Router entity connects to an imaginary shared link via a virtual Ethernet interface configured over its MANET interfaces Opaque view of virtual Ethernet - To see the MANET as a fully-connected shared link connecting all MNRs Transparent view - To see the MANET as a multi-link site kang@catholic.ac.kr 35/44

36 MANET Router Architectural model for a MANET Router kang@catholic.ac.kr 36/44

37 MANET Router (MNR) operation (1) 1. MANET Local Address (MLA) Configuration To configure an MLA used for operating the routing protocol and/or for local communications within the MANET Administratively assigned, dynamically configured using DHCP, autoconfigured using IPv6 Stateless Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC), or self-generated using IPv6 Unique Local Addresses DHCP configuration of MLAs To require relay support from other MNRs that have already been autoconfigured within the MANET To send DHCP requests to a link-scoped broadcast/multicast address and await a (relayed) address delegation reply from a server - All MNRs should be prepared to act as DHCP relays kang@catholic.ac.kr 37/44

38 MANET Router (MNR) operation (2) 2. MNBR List Discovery MNR engages in the routing protocol over its MANET interfaces and discovers the list of MNBR on the MANET 3. VET (Virtual Ethernet) Interface Configuration To configure a VET interface connecting all MNRs in the MANET over the underlying MANET interfaces To configure a link-local address that is assured to be unique among the virtual interfaces of all MNRs in the MANET (in opaque portal case) kang@catholic.ac.kr 38/44

39 MANET Router (MNR) operation (3) 4. MBR reachability Confirmation To confirm reachability of MBRs and discover prefixes associated with the MANET s virtual Ethernet To confirm reachability by sending/receiving END (Extended ND) messages over the transparent portal, by sending/receiving ordinary ND messages over the opaque portal, via reachability information conveyed in the routing protocol itself, or through some other means associated with the particular MANT subnetwork technology 5. Global-scope Address Autoconfiguration To configure global-scope addresses/prefixes that are topologically correct for the MANET according to either DHCP or IPv6 Stateless Address AutoConfiguration (SLAAC) Also to use DHCP prefix delegation to obtain global-scope prefixes for assignment and/or further sub-delegation on networks connected on its ingress interfaces kang@catholic.ac.kr 39/44

40 MANET Router (MNR) operation (4) 6. Local-scope Address Autoconfiguration (optional) To self-generate IPv6 Unique Local Address prefixes and use them to assign addresses/prefixes on networks connected on its ingress interfaces 7. Self-generated IPv6 Interface Identifiers (optional) To create self-generated IPv6 interface identifiers such specified for CGAs, IPv6 privacy address, etc 8. Forwarding Packets to Off-MANET Destinations To forward IP packets to off-manet destinations /44

41 Other operations MANET Border Router (MNBR) Operation To connect the MANET to upstream networks over its egress interfaces To send/receive END messages on the virtual Ethernet transparent portal and/or ordinary ND messages on the opaque portal MANET Flooding MANETs that operate routing as an IP layer service should deploy a multicast flooding service so that site-scoped multicast messages will be propagated across the MANET e.g., Simplified Multicast Forwarding (SMF) kang@catholic.ac.kr 41/44

42 One method to configure address in MANET (1) To configure MANET interface Draft-jelger-autoconf-mla-01 Where - Prefix : FC00::/8 prefix to identify MANET local addresses - Random ID : 56-bit random identifier used to create a globally unique address (0 can be used if Interface ID is unique) - Interface ID : 64-bit interface ID kang@catholic.ac.kr 42/44

43 One method to configure address in MANET (2) To run strong DAD (by using Perkins approach) (Can be skipped) To broadcast MLA and wait for some time Can be skipped if configured MLA is considered to be unique To find MBR to get prefix for MLA MBR periodically advertises MANET id information (by using prefix) for MANET interface The MBR can be the default MBR To configure MLA with MANETid+Interface ID/128 To identify the MANET that MR is involved in, by using MANET id To run routing protocol By using the MANET id, the MR can know whether the target MR is in the same MANET To send DHCP request to get prefix delegation for its hosts. Prefix is composed of MANET_h_id+prefix By using the MANET_h_id, the MR can know whether the target host is in the same MANET To configure its IP interface and internal host (if exists) /44

44 Thank you Questions?

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