Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Category: Standards Track

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1 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Request for Comments: 7307 Category: Standards Track ISSN: Q. Zhao Huawei Technology K. Raza C. Zhou Cisco Systems L. Fang Microsoft L. Li China Mobile D. King Old Dog Consulting July 2014 LDP Extensions for Multi-Topology Abstract Multi-Topology (MT) routing is supported in IP networks with the use of MT-aware IGPs. In order to provide MT routing within Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) networks, new extensions are required. This document describes the LDP protocol extensions required to support MT routing in an MPLS environment. Status of This Memo This is an Internet Standards Track document. This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 1]

2 Copyright Notice Copyright (c) 2014 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved. This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust s Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents ( in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 2]

3 Table of Contents 1. Introduction Terminology Signaling Extensions Topology-Scoped Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) New Address Families: MT IP LDP FEC Elements with MT IP AF IGP MT-ID Mapping and Translation LDP MT Capability Advertisement Protocol Extension Procedures Label Spaces Reserved MT-ID Values MT Applicability on FEC-Based Features Typed Wildcard FEC Element Signaling LDP Label Advertisement Completion LSP Ping New FEC Sub-Types MT LDP IPv4 FEC Sub-TLV MT LDP IPv6 FEC Sub-TLV Operation Considerations Error Handling MT Error Notification for Invalid Topology ID Backwards Compatibility MPLS Forwarding in MT Security Considerations IANA Considerations Manageability Considerations Control of Function and Policy Information and Data Models Liveness Detection and Monitoring Verify Correct Operations Requirements on Other Protocols Impact on Network Operations Contributors Acknowledgements References Normative References Informative References...19 Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 3]

4 1. Introduction Multi-Topology (MT) routing is supported in IP networks with the use of MT-aware IGPs. It would be advantageous for Communications Service Providers (CSPs) to support an MPLS Multi-Topology (MPLS-MT) environment. The benefits of MPLS-MT technology are features for various network scenarios, including: o A CSP may want to assign varying Quality of Service (QoS) profiles to different traffic classes, based on a specific topology in an MT routing network; o Separate routing and MPLS domains may be used to isolate multicast and IPv6 islands within the backbone network; o Specific IP address space could be routed across an MT based on security or operational isolation requirements; o Low-latency links could be assigned to an MT for delay-sensitive traffic; o Management traffic may be divided from customer traffic using different MTs utilizing separate links, thus ensuring that management traffic is separated from customer traffic. This document describes the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) procedures and protocol extensions required to support MT routing in an MPLS environment. This document defines two new Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) types for use in Label Switched Path (LSP) ping [RFC4379]. 2. Terminology This document uses MPLS terminology defined in [RFC5036]. Additional terms are defined below: o MT-ID: A 16-bit value used to represent the Multi-Topology ID. o Default MT Topology: A topology that is built using the MT-ID default value of 0. o MT Topology: A topology that is built using the corresponding MT- ID. The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 [RFC2119]. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 4]

5 3. Signaling Extensions 3.1. Topology-Scoped Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) LDP assigns and binds a label to a FEC, where a FEC is a list of one or more FEC elements. To set up LSPs for unicast IP routing paths, LDP assigns local labels for IP prefixes and advertises these labels to its peers so that an LSP is set up along the routing path. To set up MT LSPs for IP prefixes under a given topology scope, the LDP prefix-related FEC element must be extended to include topology information. This implies that the MT-ID becomes an attribute of the prefix-related FEC element, and all FEC-Label binding operations are performed under the context of a given topology (MT-ID). The following section ("New Address Families: MT IP") defines the extension required to bind the prefix-related FEC to a topology New Address Families: MT IP Section 2.1 of the LDP base specification [RFC5036] defines the Address Prefix FEC element. The Prefix encoding is defined for a given "Address Family" (AF), and has length (in bits) specified by the "PreLen" field. To extend IP address families for MT, two new Address Families named "MT IP" and "MT IPv6" are used to specify IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes within a topology scope. The format of data associated with these new Address Families is described below: IPv4 Address Reserved MT-ID Figure 1: MT IP Address Family Format Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 5]

6 IPv6 Address Reserved MT-ID Figure 2: MT IPv6 Address Family Format Where "IP Address" is an IPv4 and IPv6 address/prefix for "MT IP" and "MT IPv6" AF respectively, and the field "MT-ID" corresponds to the 16-bit Topology ID for a given address. The definition and usage for the remaining fields in the FEC elements are as defined for IP/IPv6 AF. The value of MT-ID 0 corresponds to the default topology and MUST be ignored on receipt so as to not cause any conflict/confusion with existing non-mt procedures. The defined FEC elements with "MT IP" Address Family can be used in any LDP message and procedures that currently specify and allow the use of FEC elements with IP/IPv6 Address Family LDP FEC Elements with MT IP AF The following section specifies the format extensions of the existing LDP FEC elements to support MT. The "Address Family" of these FEC elements will be set to "MT IP" or "MT IPv6". The MT Prefix FEC element encoding is as follows: Prefix (2) Address Family (MT IP/MT IPv6) PreLen Prefix Reserved MT-ID Figure 3: MT Prefix FEC Element Format Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 6]

7 The MT Typed Wildcard FEC element encoding is as follows: Typed Wcard (5) FEC Type Len = 6 AF = MT IP..... or MT IPv6 MT-ID Figure 4: MT Typed Wildcard FEC Element The above format can be used for any LDP FEC element that allows use of the IP/IPv6 Address Family. In the scope of this document, the allowed "FEC Type" in a MT Typed Wildcard FEC element is the Prefix FEC element IGP MT-ID Mapping and Translation The non-reserved non-special IGP MT-ID values can be used and carried in LDP without the need for translation. However, there is a need for translating reserved or special IGP MT-ID values to corresponding LDP MT-IDs. The assigned, unassigned, and special LDP MT-ID values have been assigned as described in Section 9 ("IANA Considerations"). How future LDP MT-ID values are allocated is outside the scope of this document. Instead, a separate document will be created to detail the allocation policy and process for requesting new MT-ID values LDP MT Capability Advertisement Protocol Extension We specify a new LDP capability, named "Multi-Topology (MT)", which is defined in accordance with the LDP capability guidelines [RFC5561]. The LDP "MT" capability can be advertised by an LDP speaker to its peers either during the LDP session initialization or after the LDP session is set up. The advertisement is to announce the capability of the Label Switching Router (LSR) to support MT for the given IP address family. An LDP speaker MUST NOT send messages containing MT FEC elements unless the peer has said it can handle it. The MT capability is specified using the Multi-Topology Capability TLV. The Multi-Topology Capability TLV format is in accordance with the LDP capability guidelines as defined in [RFC5561]. To be able to Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 7]

8 specify IP address family, the capability-specific data (i.e., the "Capability Data" field of Capability TLV) is populated using the "Typed Wildcard FEC element" as defined in [RFC5918]. The format of the Multi-Topology Capability TLV is as follows: U F Multi-Topology Cap.(IANA) Length S Reserved Typed Wildcard FEC element(s) Where: Figure 5: Multi-Topology Capability TLV Format o U-bit: MUST be 1 so that the TLV will be silently ignored by a recipient if it is unknown, according to the rules of [RFC5036]. o F-bit: MUST be 0 as per Section 3 ("Specifying Capabilities in LDP Messages") of LDP Capabilities [RFC5561]. o Multi-Topology Capability: Capability TLV type (IANA assigned) o S-bit: MUST be 1 if used in LDP "Initialization" message. MAY be set to 0 or 1 in dynamic "Capability" message to advertise or withdraw the capability, respectively. o Typed Wildcard FEC element(s): One or more elements specified as the "Capability data". o Length: length of Value field, starting from the S-bit, in octets. o The encoding of the Typed Wildcard FEC element, as defined in [RFC5918], is defined in Section 4.1 ("Typed Wildcard FEC element") of this document. The MT-ID field of the MT Typed Wildcard FEC element MUST be set to "Wildcard Topology" when it is specified in the MT Capability TLV. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 8]

9 Procedures To announce its MT capability for an IP address family, LDP FEC type, and Multi-Topology, an LDP speaker sends an "MT Capability" including the exact Typed Wildcard FEC element with the corresponding "AddressFamily" field (i.e., set to "MT IP" for IPv4 and set to "MT IPv6" for IPv6 address family), corresponding "FEC Type" field (i.e., set to "Prefix"), and corresponding "MT-ID". To announce its MT capability for both the IPv4 and IPv6 address family, or for multiple FEC types, or for multiple Multi-Topologies, an LDP speaker sends an "MT Capability" with one or more MT Typed FEC elements in it. o The capability for supporting multi-topology in LDP can be advertised during LDP session initialization stage by including the LDP MT capability TLV in LDP Initialization message. After an LDP session is established, the MT capability can also be advertised or withdrawn using the Capability message (only if the "Dynamic Capability Announcement" capability [RFC5561] has already been successfully negotiated). o If an LSR has not advertised MT capability, its peer MUST NOT send to this LSR any LDP messages with FEC elements that include an MT identifier. o If an LSR is changed from non-mt capable to MT capable, it sets the S-bit in the MT capability TLV and advertises via the Capability message (if it supports Dynamic Capability Announcement). The existing LSP is treated as an LSP for default MT (ID 0). o If an LSR is changed from LDP-MT capable to non-mt capable, it initiates withdrawal of all label mapping for existing LSPs of all non-default MTs. It also cleans up all the LSPs of all nondefault MTs locally. Then, it clears the S-bit in the MT capability TLV and advertises via the Capability message (if it supports Dynamic Capability Announcement). When an LSR knows the peer node is changed from LDP-MT capable to non-mt capable, it cleans up all the LSPs of all non-default MTs locally and initiates withdrawal of all label mapping for existing LSPs of all non-default MTs. Each side of the node sends a label release to its peer once it receives the label release messages even though each side has already cleaned up all the LSPs locally. o If an LSR does not support "Dynamic Capability Announcement", it MUST reset the session with its peer whenever the LSR changes its local capability with regards to supporting LDP MT. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 9]

10 o If an LSR is changed from IGP-MT capable to non-mt capable, it may wait until the routes update to withdraw the FEC and release the label mapping for existing LSPs of a specific MT Label Spaces The use of multiple topologies for LDP does not require different label spaces for each topology. An LSR can use the same label space for all MT FECs as for the default topology. Similarly, signaling for different topologies can and should be done within a single LDP session Reserved MT-ID Values Certain MT topologies are assigned to serve predetermined purposes. In Section 9 ("IANA Considerations"), this document defines a new IANA registry "MPLS Multi-Topology Identifiers" to keep LDP MT-ID reserved values. If an LSR receives a FEC element with an "MT-ID" value that is "Unassigned" for future use (and not IANA allocated yet), the LSR MUST abort the processing of the FEC element and SHOULD send a notification message with status code "Invalid Topology ID" to the sender. 4. MT Applicability on FEC-Based Features 4.1. Typed Wildcard FEC Element [RFC5918] extends base LDP and defines the Typed Wildcard FEC element framework. The Typed Wildcard FEC element can be used in any LDP message to specify a wildcard operation/action for a given type of FEC. The MT extensions defined in this document do not require any extension to procedures for the Typed Wildcard FEC element, and these procedures apply as is to MT wildcarding. The MT extensions, though, allow use of "MT IP" or "MT IPv6" in the Address Family field of the Typed Wildcard FEC element in order to use wildcard operations in the context of a given topology. The use of MT-scoped address family also allows us to specify MT-ID in these operations. The defined format in Section 4.1 ("Typed Wildcard FEC element") allows an LSR to perform wildcard FEC operations under the scope of a topology. If an LSR wishes to perform a wildcard operation that applies to all topologies, it can use a "Wildcard Topology" MT-ID. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 10]

11 For example, upon local de-configuration of a topology "x", an LSR may send a typed wildcard Label Withdraw message with MT-ID "x" to withdraw all its labels from the peer that advertised under the scope of topology "x". Additionally, upon a global configuration change, an LSR may send a typed wildcard Label Withdraw message with the MT-ID set to "Wildcard Topology" to withdraw all its labels under all topologies from the peer Signaling LDP Label Advertisement Completion [RFC5919] specifies extensions and procedures for an LDP speaker to signal its convergence for a given FEC type towards a peer. The procedures defined in [RFC5919] apply as they are to an MT FEC element. This allows an LDP speaker to signal its IP convergence using Typed Wildcard FEC element, and its MT IP convergence per topology using a MT Typed Wildcard FEC element LSP Ping [RFC4379] defines procedures to detect data-plane failures in MPLS LSPs via LSP ping. That specification defines a "Target FEC Stack" TLV that describes the FEC stack being tested. This TLV is sent in an MPLS Echo Request message towards the LSP s egress LSR and is forwarded along the same data path as other packets belonging to the FEC. "Target FEC Stack" TLV contains one or more sub-tlvs pertaining to different FEC types. Section 3.2 of [RFC4379] defines the Sub-Types and format of the FEC. To support LSP ping for MT LDP LSPs, this document defines the following extensions to [RFC4379] New FEC Sub-Types We define two new FEC types for LSP ping: o MT LDP IPv4 FEC o MT LDP IPv6 FEC We also define the following new sub-types for sub-tlvs to specify these FECs in the "Target FEC Stack" TLV of [RFC4379]: Sub-Type Length Value Field MT LDP IPv4 prefix MT LDP IPv6 prefix Figure 6: New Sub-Types for Sub-TLVs Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 11]

12 The rules and procedures of using these sub-tlvs in an MPLS echo request message are the same as defined for LDP IPv4/IPv6 FEC sub-tlv types in [RFC4379] MT LDP IPv4 FEC Sub-TLV The format of the "MT LDP IPv4 FEC" sub-tlv to be used in a "Target FEC Stack" [RFC4379] is: Type = 31 (MT LDP IPv4 FEC) Length = 8 IPv4 prefix Prefix Length MBZ MT-ID Figure 7: MT LDP IPv4 FEC Sub-TLV The format of this sub-tlv is similar to the LDP IPv4 FEC sub-tlv as defined in [RFC4379]. In addition to "IPv4 prefix" and "Prefix Length" fields, this new sub-tlv also specifies the MT-ID (Multi- Topology ID). The Length for this sub-tlv is 5. The term "Must Be Zero" (MBZ) is used in object descriptions for reserved fields. These fields MUST be set to zero when sent and ignored on receipt. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 12]

13 MT LDP IPv6 FEC Sub-TLV The format of the "MT LDP IPv6 FEC" sub-tlv to be used in a "Target FEC Stack" [RFC4379] is: Type = 32 (MT LDP IPv6 FEC) Length = 20 IPv6 prefix Prefix Length MBZ MT-ID Figure 8: MT LDP IPv6 FEC Sub-TLV The format of this sub-tlv is similar to the LDP IPv6 FEC sub-tlv as defined in [RFC4379]. In addition to the "IPv6 prefix" and "Prefix Length" fields, this new sub-tlv also specifies the MT-ID (Multi- Topology ID). The Length for this sub-tlv is Operation Considerations To detect data-plane failures using LSP ping for a specific topology, the router will initiate an LSP ping request with the target FEC stack TLV containing the LDP MT IP Prefix Sub-TLV in the Echo Request packet. The Echo Request packet is sent with the label bound to the IP Prefix in the topology. Once the Echo Request packet reaches the target router, it will process the packet and perform checks for the LDP MT IP Prefix sub-tlv present in the Target FEC Stack as described in [RFC4379] and respond according to the processing rules in [RFC4379]. For the case that the LSP ping with return path is not specified, the reply packet must go through the default topology instead of the topology where the Echo Request goes through. It should be noted that the existing MIB modules for an MPLS LSR [RFC3813] and MPLS LDP managed objects [RFC3815] do not provide the necessary information to support the extensions in this document. For example, the absence of the MT-ID as an index into the MIB modules means that there is no way to disambiguate different topology instances. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 13]

14 5. Error Handling The extensions defined in this document utilize the existing LDP error handling defined in [RFC5036]. If an LSR receives an error notification from a peer for a session, it terminates the LDP session by closing the TCP transport connection for the session and discarding all multi-topology label mappings learned via the session MT Error Notification for Invalid Topology ID An LSR should respond with an "Invalid Topology ID" status code in the LDP Notification message when it receives an LDP message with a FEC element specifying an MT-ID that is not locally known or not supported. The LSR MUST also discard the entire message before sending the Notification message. 6. Backwards Compatibility The MPLS-MT solution is backwards compatible with existing LDP enhancements defined in [RFC5036], including message authenticity, integrity of message, and topology loop detection. The legacy node that does not support MT should not receive any MT-related LDP messages. In case bad things happen, according to [RFC5036], processing of such messages should be aborted. 7. MPLS Forwarding in MT Although forwarding is out of the scope of this document, we include some forwarding consideration for informational purposes here. The specified signaling mechanisms allow all the topologies to share the platform-specific label space. This feature allows the existing data-plane techniques to be used. Also, there is no way for the data plane to associate a received packet with any one topology, meaning that topology-specific label spaces cannot be used. 8. Security Considerations The use of MT over existing MPLS solutions does not offer any specific security benefit. General LDP communication security threats and how these may be mitigated are described in [RFC5036]; these threats include: o spoofing o privacy Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 14]

15 o denial of service For further discussion regarding possible LDP communication threats and mitigation techniques, see [RFC5920]. 9. IANA Considerations This document introduces the following new protocol elements, which have been assigned by IANA: o New LDP Capability TLV: "Multi-Topology Capability" TLV (0x050C) from the LDP Parameters registry "TLV Type Name Space". o New Status Code: "Invalid Topology ID" (0x ) from the LDP Parameters registry "Status Code Name Space"). Registry: Range/Value Description x Invalid Topology ID Figure 9: New Code Point for LDP Multi-Topology Extensions o New address families under the IANA registry "Address Family Numbers": Number Description MT IP: Multi-Topology IP version 4 30 MT IPv6: Multi-Topology IP version 6 Figure 10: Address Family Numbers Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 15]

16 o New registry "MPLS Multi-Topology Identifiers". This is a registry of the "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture (MPLS)" category. The initial registrations and allocation policies for this registry are: Range/Value Purpose Reference Default/standard topology RFC IPv4 in-band management RFC IPv6 routing topology RFC IPv4 multicast topology RFC IPv6 multicast topology RFC IPv6 in-band management RFC Unassigned for future IGP topologies RFC 7307 Assigned by Standards Action RFC Experimental RFC Unassigned for MPLS topologies RFC 7307 Assigned by Standards Action Wildcard Topology RFC 7307 Figure 11: MPLS Multi-Topology Identifier Registry o New Sub-TLV Types for LSP ping: The following new sub-type values under TLV type 1 (Target FEC Stack) have been registered from the "Sub-TLVs for TLV Types 1, 16, and 21" sub-registry within the "Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switched Paths (LSPs) Ping Parameters" registry. Sub-Type Value Field MT LDP IPv4 prefix 32 MT LDP IPv6 prefix Figure 12: New Sub-TLV Types for LSP Ping As highlighted at the end of Section 3.4 ("IGP MT-ID Mapping and Translation"), a new document will be created to detail the policy and process for allocating new MT-ID values. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 16]

17 10. Manageability Considerations Control of Function and Policy There are capabilities that should be configurable to enable good manageability. One such example is to allow that the LDP Multi- Topology capability be enabled or disabled. It is assumed that the mapping of the LDP MT-ID and IGP MT-ID is manually configured on every router by default. If an automatic mapping between IGP MT-IDs and LDP MT-IDs is needed, there must be explicit configuration to do so Information and Data Models Any extensions that may be required for existing MIBs are beyond the scope of this document Liveness Detection and Monitoring Mechanisms defined in this document do not imply any new liveness detection and monitoring requirements Verify Correct Operations In order to debug an LDP-MT-enabled network, it may be necessary to associate between the LDP label advertisement and the IGP routing advertisement. In this case, the user MUST understand the mapping mechanism to convert the IGP MT-ID to the LDP MT-ID. The method and type of mapping mechanism is out of the scope of this document Requirements on Other Protocols If the LDP MT-ID has an implicit dependency on IGP MT-ID, then the corresponding IGP MT features will need to be supported Impact on Network Operations Mechanisms defined in this document do not have any impact on network operations. Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 17]

18 11. Contributors Ning So Tata Communications 2613 Fairbourne Cir. Plano, TX USA Raveendra Torvi Juniper Networks 10 Technology Park Drive Westford, MA US Huaimo Chen Huawei Technology 125 Nagog Technology Park Acton, MA US Emily Chen 2717 Seville Blvd, Apt Clearwater, FL US Chen Li China Mobile 53A, Xibianmennei Ave. Xunwu District, Beijing China Lu Huang China Mobile 53A, Xibianmennei Ave. Xunwu District, Beijing China Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 18]

19 12. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank Dan Tappan, Nabil Bitar, Huang Xin, Eric Rosen, IJsbrand Wijnands, Dimitri Papadimitriou, Yiqun Chai, Pranjal Dutta, George Swallow, Curtis Villamizar, Adrian Farrel, Alia Atlas, and Loa Anderson for their valuable comments on this document. 13. References Normative References [RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March [RFC4379] Kompella, K. and G. Swallow, "Detecting Multi-Protocol Label Switched (MPLS) Data Plane Failures", RFC 4379, February [RFC5036] Andersson, L., Ed., Minei, I., Ed., and B. Thomas, Ed., "LDP Specification", RFC 5036, October [RFC5561] Thomas, B., Raza, K., Aggarwal, S., Aggarwal, R., and JL. Le Roux, "LDP Capabilities", RFC 5561, July [RFC5918] Asati, R., Minei, I., and B. Thomas, "Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) Typed Wildcard Forward Equivalence Class (FEC)", RFC 5918, August [RFC5919] Asati, R., Mohapatra, P., Chen, E., and B. Thomas, "Signaling LDP Label Advertisement Completion", RFC 5919, August Informative References [RFC5920] Fang, L., Ed., "Security Framework for MPLS and GMPLS Networks", RFC 5920, July [RFC3813] Srinivasan, C., Viswanathan, A., and T. Nadeau, "Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Label Switching Router (LSR) Management Information Base (MIB)", RFC 3813, June Srinivasan, C., Viswanathan, A., and T. Nadeau, [RFC3815] Cucchiara, J., Sjostrand, H., and J. Luciani, "Definitions of Managed Objects for the Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)", RFC 3815, June Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 19]

20 Authors Addresses Quintin Zhao Huawei Technology 125 Nagog Technology Park Acton, MA US Kamran Raza Cisco Systems 2000 Innovation Drive Kanata, ON K2K-3E8 Canada Chao Zhou Cisco Systems 300 Beaver Brook Road Boxborough, MA US Luyuan Fang Microsoft th Ave NE Redmond, WA US Lianyuan Li China Mobile 53A, Xibianmennei Ave. Xunwu District, Beijing China Daniel King Old Dog Consulting Zhao, et al. Standards Track [Page 20]

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