13. Internet Applications 최양희서울대학교컴퓨터공학부
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1 13. Internet Applications 최양희서울대학교컴퓨터공학부
2 Internet Applications Telnet File Transfer (FTP) (SMTP) Web (HTTP) Internet Telephony (SIP/SDP) Presence Multimedia (Audio/Video Broadcasting, AoD/VoD) Network Management (SNMP) 2009 Yanghee Choi 2
3 Telnet Remote terminal protocol running over TCP connection Keystrokes are passed transparently to the server Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) user s I/O device Client System Format Used client NVT Format Used server Server System Format Used server s system 2009 Yanghee Choi 3
4 Telnet Commands To pass control functions, escape sequence is used IAC (interpret next octet as command) Command interrupt is transferred via out-of-band signal (TCP Urgent Data) 2009 Yanghee Choi 4
5 File Transfer Protocol Interactive file access over TCP Format Specification : FTP allows the client to specify the type and format of the stored data Authentication control : login name and password rfc959 (Oct. 1985) 2009 Yanghee Choi 5
6 FTP Connection control connection persists throughout the session. data connections can be created dynamically when needed. client server data transfer control process control process data transfer randomly chosen port control connection well known port 21 well known port 20 data connection INTERNET 2009 Yanghee Choi 6
7 TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol over UDP Timeout, Retransmission - symmetric (sender/receiver) Fixed size (512 octets) blocks Stop-and-wait (ACK for every block) READ, WRITE, DATA, ACK, ERROR 2009 Yanghee Choi 7
8 mail exchange between mailboxes spooling at the sender periodic check of spool area for undelivered mail (30 min typical) mail returned to the sender if undeliverable after an extended time (3 days typical) direct, end-to-end delivery or mail gateway sender - client receiver - server over TCP 2009 Yanghee Choi 8
9 (Wikipedia) 2009 Yanghee Choi 9
10 Model alias database user sends mail user alias expansion and forwarding outgoing mail spool area mail client (background transfer) user reads mail interface mailbox for incoming mail server (to accept mail) TCP connection 2009 Yanghee Choi 10
11 mail destination machine name, mailbox address can be different with domain name, and user login name DNS is used to get mail exchanger information Format - RFC 822 Protocol - SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) RFC 821 MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) RFC 2045, 2046, Yanghee Choi 11
12 Mail Gateway Sender deletes message after confirming the delivery to the server : direct end-to-end delivery is reliable For security, interoperability, mail gateway is often used 2009 Yanghee Choi 12
13 SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol ASCII text oriented header is separated from body by a blank line 2009 Yanghee Choi 13
14 Rfc 821/822 limitations Short messages (less than 1000 characters per line, 7-bit ASCII) Conversion from non-textual data to 7-bit ASCII 2009 Yanghee Choi 14
15 Mail Retrieval POP3 (Post Office Protocol) IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol) 2009 Yanghee Choi 15
16 MIME allows arbitrary data to be encoded in ASCII and transmitted in a standard message MIME version, content-type, encoding used to convert the data to ASCII are included in MIME header multipart message - parts are separated by -- StartOfNextPart 2009 Yanghee Choi 16
17 MIME Content Types Text image audio video application multipart message plain, enriched JPEG, gif basic (PCM) MPEG octet-stream, PostScript an encapsulated message (rfc822, partial, external-body) 2009 Yanghee Choi 17
18 MIME Multipart Subtypes Mixed alternative parallel digest mixed set of parts representing the same data in multiple formats to be viewed simultaneously each part has a default type of message/rfc Yanghee Choi 18
19 HTTP World Wide Web Hypermedia document between web browser and web server HTML (HyperText Markup Language) anchor URL (Uniform Resource Locator) HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) 2009 Yanghee Choi 19
20 HTTP Characteristics Application level (over TCP) Request/response GET HTTP/1.1 Stateless Bidirectional transfer Capability negotiation Support for caching Support for intermediaries 2009 Yanghee Choi 20
21 2009 Yanghee Choi 21
22 HTTP 1.1 Persistent Connections instead of using a TCP connection for each transfer, a persistent connection approach is adopted as default in HTTP 1.1 reduced overhead pipelining requests need to identify the beginning and end of each item : sending a length followed by an item of that size 2009 Yanghee Choi 22
23 Proxy Proxy server Caching 2009 Yanghee Choi 23
24 RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) transport protocol for realtime applications end-to-end delivery service payload type identification sequence numbering timestamping delivery monitoring runs on top of UDP (multiplexing, checksum) supports multicast, if provided by underlying network does not address resource reservation and does not guarantee QOS for real-time services (low layers do that) 2009 Yanghee Choi 24
25 RTP/RTCP RTP carry data with realtime properties application level framing and integrated layer processing require a profile specification document and payload format specification documents designed to be independent of the underlying network and transport layers RTCP (RTP Control Protocol) RTP control protocol monitor QoS convey information about the participants in an ongoing session 2009 Yanghee Choi 25
26 RTP Header Format V P X CC M PT sequence number timestamp SSRC ID CSRC IDs... version (V) : 2 padding (P) : extension (X) : extension header CSRC count (CC) : number of CSRC identifiers following the header marker (M) : defined by a profile payload type (PT) : sequence number : increment by one for each RTP data packet timestamp : allow synchronization and jitter calculation SSRC ID : CSRC IDs : 2009 Yanghee Choi 26
27 RTP Sessions Each medium (audio, video) should be carried in a separate RTP session with its own destination transport address (network address + port number) 2009 Yanghee Choi 27
28 RTCP Functions periodic transmission of control packets to all participants in the session providing feedback on the quality of the data distribution flow and congestion control carrying a persistent transport-level ID for an RTP source (CNAME) controlling the rate of RTCP packets convey minimal session control information (ex. Participant identification in the user interface) : optional 2009 Yanghee Choi 28
29 RTCP Packet Type RTCP packet types SR : sender report RR : receiver report SDES : source description items BYE : indicates end of participation APP : application specific functions Multiple RTCP packets may be... concatenated in a single packet of the lower layer protocol, for example UDP 2009 Yanghee Choi 29
30 RTCP Transmission Interval RTP is designed to scale from a few participants to thousands, therefore the transmission rate must be scaled down Calculation of RTCP transmission interval session bandwidth is reserved RTCP if fixed at 5% of session bandwidth the allowed control traffic bandwidth is divided among participants 2009 Yanghee Choi 30
31 IP Telephony H.323 : ITU SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) : IETF 2009 Yanghee Choi 31
32 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) Defined in RFC 3261 Manages real-time sessions over IP data network Intended to enable Internet telephony/voip Based on HTTP-like request/response transaction model Five facets User location User availability User capabilities Session setup Session management 2009 Yanghee Choi 32
33 SIP Elements Client/server elements Client sends/receives SIP messages Includes user agents, proxies Network elements User agent (client/uac, server/uas) Redirect server Proxy server Registrar Location service 2009 Yanghee Choi 33
34 2009 Yanghee Choi 34
35 SIP Operation 2009 Yanghee Choi 35
36 SIP Messages Request Methods REGISTER INVITE ACK CANCEL BYE OPTIONS Response Types Provisional (1xx) Success (2xx) Redirection (3xx) Client Error (4xx) Server Error (5xx) Global Failure (6xx) 2009 Yanghee Choi 36
37 Media Streams Addresses Ports Payload types SDP (Session Description Protocol) Start and stop times Originator 2009 Yanghee Choi 37
38 Presence Service : example 2009 Yanghee Choi 38
39 Internet Management application level protocol every router should understand the same protocol manager s host = client : management agent routers = servers : server program Authentication mechanism is required 2009 Yanghee Choi 39
40 SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol MIB (Management Information Base) maintained at each host/router about the resource status SMI (structure of management information) - rules to define and identify MIB variables ASN.1 (abstract syntax notation one) - formal notation to define names and types for variables in MIB MIB variables names are taken form the object identifier namespace administered by ISO/ITU 2009 Yanghee Choi 40
41 MIB Categories of Information system interfaces addr. trans. ip icmp tcp udp egp The host or router OS individual network interfaces address translation (e.g. ARP mappings) IP software ICMP software TCP software UDP software EGP software 2009 Yanghee Choi 41
42 MIB Examples of Variables sysuptime system Time since last reboot ifnumber interfaces # of network I/F ifmtu interfaces MTU for a particular I/F ipdefaultttl ip TTL value used in IP ipinreceives ip # of datagrams received icmpinechoes icmp # of ICMP Echo Req recd tcpmaxconn tcp Max TCP connections allowed 2009 Yanghee Choi 42
43 SNMP Operations get-request get-next-request get-response set-request trap Fetch a value from a specific variable Reply to fetch operation Store a value in a specific variable Reply triggered by an event FETCH - STORE Paradigm is used 2009 Yanghee Choi 43
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