CSE 461 Module 10. Introduction to the Transport Layer
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1 CSE 461 Module 10 Introduction to the Transport Layer
2 Last Time We finished up the Network layer Internetworks (IP) Routing (DV/RIP, LS/OSPF, BGP) It was all about routing: how to provide end-to-end delivery of packets. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical M10.2
3 This Time We begin on the Transport layer Focus Process-to-process communication Fast? Reliable? Impact on the network Congestion control Topics The Transport layer Acknowledgements and retransmissions (ARQ) Sliding windows Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical M10.3
4 The Transport Layer Builds on the services of the Network layer TCP/IP Communication between processes running on hosts Naming/Addressing Stronger guarantees of message delivery make sense This is the first layer that is talking end-to-end M10.4
5 Internet Transport Protocols UDP Datagram abstraction between processes With error detection SrcPort DstPort Length Checksum Data TCP Bytestream abstraction between processes With reliability Plus congestion control (later!) M10.5
6 UDP/IP Properties (User Datagram Protocol) UDP Datagram oriented Lost packets Reordered packets Duplicate packets Limited size packets IP Datagram oriented Lost packets Reordered packets Duplicate packets Limited size packets M10.6
7 TCP/IP Properties (Transmission Control Protocol) TCP Connection-oriented Reliable byte-stream delivery In-order delivery Single delivery Arbitrarily long messages Synchronization Flow control Congestion control IP Datagram oriented Lost packets Reordered packets Duplicate packets Limited size packets M10.7
8 TCP Packet Format 16 bit window size gets Cramped with large Bandwidth x delay 16 bits --> 64K BD ethernet: 122KB STS24 (1.2Gb/s): 14.8MB 32 bit sequence number must not wrap around faster than the maximum packet lifetime. (120 seconds) Mb/s link: 55 seconds M10.8
9 TCP End-to-End Properties TCP provides a full-duplex connection Each side of a connection can send to the other Connection is a stream Packet boundaries may not be visible to application Sliding window Endpoints exchange window sizes Packets carry sequence numbers Actually, byte counts in the connection stream Performance Reliability (ARQ) M10.9
10 End-to-end Properties Performance Sliding Window Try to enable sender to put bandwidth x delay product bytes on the wire Reliability Lost packets? Sliding window performs flow control Sliding window performs ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request) Duplicate / out-of-order packets? Sliding window receive (re-order) buffer M10.10
11 Network Property: Congestion Control TCP also implements congestion control High level goal: keep from over-loading the bottleneck network link Immediate goal: find the fastest transmission rate that doesn t overload the bottleneck Does it make sense to put congestion control in TCP? Could it be in some other layer? Would it make sense to apply it to UDP? Another goal: fairness I m not slowing down, you slow down M10.11
12 TCP / UDP comparison TCP Reliable Stream oriented Connection UDP Unreliable Packet oriented Connectionless M10.12
13 TCP / UDP comparison Stream- vs. packet-oriented Visible packet boundaries can act as end of record indicators to application In a stream, if the application wants the notion of records, it must embed them in the data Example: lines in a text file Since TCP doesn t know about app record boundaries, reading records can be cumbersome Each read() operation returns whatever data happens to have arrived in the stream to this point M10.13
14 TCP / UDP comparison Connection vs. connectionless UDP: flexible (or you don t know who you re talking with ) Incoming data can be from anywhere Outgoing data can go anywhere (Java API provides a connect() interface filters packets before returning them to app) TCP: incoming/outgoing packets are separated into flows Provides a nice programming abstraction for many apps How do I open a connection? How do I close one? How do I know when the other side has stopped listening/sending M10.14
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