1. (10 points): For each of the following, choose exactly one best answer.
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1 IS 450/650 Final Exam Martens 20 December 2010 Answer all twelve questions. Write your name on the first sheet. Short answers are better than long ones. No electronics. 1. (10 points): For each of the following, choose exactly one best answer. I. True or false: UDP and TCP use the same congestion control mechanisms. (a) True (b) False II. Except at startup, when no segment losses are detected, TCP congestion control (a) increases transmission rates exponentially. (b) increases transmission rates linearly. (c) keeps transmission rates constant. III. When segment losses are detected, TCP congestion control (a) decreases transmission rates exponentially. (b) decreases transmission rates linearly. (c) keeps transmission rates constant. IV. TCP congestion control s fast retransmit mechanism (a) allows the receiver to send a NAK to trigger retransmission of a missing segment. (b) allows the sender to retransmit a segment after receiving a number of duplicate ACKs. (c) increases the size of the advertised window temporarily when retransmitting unacknowledged segments. (d) increases the size of the congestion window temporarily when retransmitting unacknowledged segments.
2 2 2. (10 points): Consider the following network: The IP and MAC addresses of the above nodes are in the following table: IP Addr. MAC Addr. Suppose all the nodes have empty ARP tables, but IP addresses a are known. Host has a short UDP datagram to send b to host List, in order, every frame sent on each of c the LANs that would be associated with this transmission. For d each frame indicate the MAC source, the MAC destination, and the contents or purpose. If the frame contains an IP datagram, also provide the IP source and destination addresses.
3 3. (10 points): Suppose two spacecraft are 50 km apart and communicate on a 1kb/s link. The speed of light in a vacuum is m/s. If the frame size is 10 3 bits, how long does it take to transfer a frame from one spacecraft to the other? I want a number. 3
4 4. (10 points): Suppose two spacecraft are 50 km apart and communicate on a 1kb/s link. The speed of light in a vacuum is m/s. How many bits could possibly be in transit in one direction at a given time? I want a number. 4
5 5 5. (10 points): Consider the following output from the Linux host command: $ host has address has IPv6 address 2001:468:c04:1::6 The IPv6 address is abbreviated using zero compression. How many zero bytes are represented by the ::?
6 6. (10 points): Why would assigning the same IP address to every interface of a router cause problems? 6
7 7 7. (10 points): Consider the two IP addresses and (a) What is the shortest mask (the mask with the fewest ones) that places the two addresses on different subnets? (b) What is the longest mask (the mask with the most ones) that places the two addresses on the same subnet?
8 8. (10 points): PPP does not need MAC addresses since there are only two computers, one at each end of the link. When using IP, do network layer packets crossing the PPP link need IP addresses? Why or why not? 8
9 9 9. (10 points): Consider the following figure, which represents a bridged Ethernet, with B1,..., B8 being bridges, or layer-2 switches: Suppose all the switch forwarding tables are empty, as would be the case if they had all just been powered up. If H0 then sends a message to H1, and H1 subsequently replies, then what entries would be added to the six separate forwarding tables? Assume the ports on the switches are labeled left and right.
10 (10 points): Suppose a frame is sent on an Ethernet. Assume the frame contains an HTTP message in a TCP segment. (a) What determines which node receives the frame? (b) The payload makes its way to IP. How does IP decide whether to pass the datagram s payload to TCP? (c) How does TCP decide what application to pass the segment payload to? Answer in the table below: Layer Link Network Transport What information the receiving node uses
11 (10 points): Consider the following router forwarding table: Destination Next Hop /21 interface /21 interface /21 interface /21 interface / / / / / The last entry is the default route. The router s IP addresses are , , , and Foreachofthefollowing IPaddresses, towhich next hopdoestherouter forwardif itreceives an IPv4 datagram with the given destination address?
12 (10 points): (a) What does a router do if it receives a frame containing an IP datagram, and the MAC and IP destination addresses specify the same node? (b) What does a router do if it receives a frame containing an IP datagram, and the MAC and IP destination addresses specify different nodes?
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