CONTENTS. vii. Chapter 1 TCP/IP Overview 1. Chapter 2 Symmetric-Key Cryptography 33. Acknowledgements

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1 CONTENTS Preface Acknowledgements xiii xvii Chapter 1 TCP/IP Overview Some History TCP/IP Protocol Architecture Data-link Layer Network Layer Internet Protocol 5 IPv4 Datagrams Format 9 IPv4 Address Classes 11 Types of IPv4 Addresses 12 Classless Interdomain Routing 12 Private IP Addresses 15 IPv6 Datagram Format 16 IPv6 Addressing Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Group Management Protocol Transport Layer Transmission Control Protocol 26 TCP Header Format 26 Initializing TCP Connections 28 TCP Connection States User Datagram Protocol 30 UDP Header Format Application Layer 31 Chapter 2 Symmetric-Key Cryptography Historical Perspective The Data Encryption Standard Triple DES Design of Symmetric-Key Cryptosystems Security Issues Implementation and Performance Issues Mode of Operation 53 vii

2 viii 2.4 The Advanced Encryption Standard MARS RC AES (Rijndael) Serpent Twofish Performance Comparison of the AES Finalists Other Symmetric-Key Cryptosystems 77 Chapter 3 Public-Key Cryptosystems RSA Cryptosystem ElGamal Cryptosystem Elliptic Curve Cryptography Elliptic Curve Over Z p Elliptic Curve Over F 2 m Elliptic Curve Key Pairs Security Considerations Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange Scheme Digital Signature Digital Signature Algorithm RSA Signature Scheme Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm Symmetric-Key vs Public-Key Cryptosystems 103 Chapter 4 Hash Functions and MAC MD5 Hash Function Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA-1) RIPEMD Tiger Comparative Analysis HMAC 117 Chapter 5 Public-Key Infrastructure X.509 Certificates X.509 Certificate Format X.509 Extensions Qualified Certificates 133

3 ix Qualified Certificate Extensions Certificate Revocation List CRL Extensions CRL Entry Extensions Online Certificate Status Protocol X.509 Trust Model PGP Certificates PGP Certificate Format Revocation of PGP Certificates PGP Trust Model Other PKI Issues 155 Chapter 6 LDAP X.500 Directory Overview of LDAP LDAP/X.500 Attribute Types LDAP URL Format 171 Chapter 7 IP Security Architecture What IPSec Does How IPSec Works Security Association Security Association Databases Security Policy Database Security Association Database 188 Chapter 8 Authentication Header Authentication Header Format AH Modes of Operation AH Transport Mode AH Tunnel Mode Integrity Check Value Computation AH Processing 204 Chapter 9 Encapsulating Security Payload ESP Packet Format ESP Modes ESP Transport Mode 211

4 x ESP Tunnel Mode ESP Processing Outbound Processing Inbound Processing 218 Chapter 10 ISAKMP ISAKMP Header Format ISAKMP Payloads Formats Generic Payload Header Data Attributes Security Association Payload Proposal Payload Transform Payload Key Exchange Payload Identification Payload Certificate Payload Certificate Request Payload Hash Payload Signature Payload Nonce Payload Notification Payload Delete Payload Vendor ID Payload ISAKMP Negotiation Phases ISAKMP Exchange Types Base Exchange Identity Protection Exchange Authentication Only Exchange Aggressive Exchange Informational Exchange 253 Chapter 11 Internet Key Exchange Exchange Phases Exchange Modes Main Mode Aggressive Mode Quick Mode New Group Mode Generation of Keying Material 262

5 xi 11.4 Oakley Groups Mode Config Configuration Method Payload and Exchange DHCP Configuration of IPSec Tunnel Mode in IPv Description of DHCP mode config XAuth Detail of XAuth Authentication Mechanism Hybrid Auth Details of Hybrid Auth Authentication Mechanism 278 Chapter 12 IP Compression Important Considerations Compressed IP Datagram Header Structure IPv4 Header Modification IPv6 Header Modification IPComp Association 287 Chapter 13 VPN Solutions Scenarios For VPN Utilization Interconnecting Branch Offices Interconnecting Different Organizations Intranets Securing Remote Access Via DSL or Other Broadband Alternatives Choosing a VPN Solution A VPN Configuration Case Study Configuration of the PKI Server Configuration of the VPN Gateway Configuration of the VPN Client 321 Appendix A A Reference C Implementation for AES 327 Appendix B A Java Implementation of AES 349 Appendix C A Reference Implementation of MD5 373 Bibliography 383 Index 395

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