Data Transport over IP Networks

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1 Data Transport over IP Networks Derek Konigsberg AITP University of Central Florida Data Transport over IP Networks p.1/24

2 Introduction The TCP/IP protocol suite was created by DARPA for the creation of a resilient computer network At the foundation is the Internet Protocol (IP), which forms the foundation of the network On top of IP, we have protocols such as TCP and UDP, which are responsible for actually managing communications across the network Today, we will be focusing on these transport protocols Data Transport over IP Networks p.2/24

3 OSI Model 7 - Application 6 - Presentation 5 - Session 4 - Transport (TCP, UDP) 3 - Network (IP, IPX) 2 - Data Link (Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI) 1 - Physical (twisted pair, coax, fiber) Data Transport over IP Networks p.3/24

4 What does IP offer? IP is the protocol that takes our network packets from our computers and actually gets them across the network. IP is based on the concept of unordered best-effort delivery While IP forms the foundation of our network, it is not actually a protocol used directly by our applications for sending data Data Transport over IP Networks p.4/24

5 Types of Transport Connectionless unordered delivery The most basic form of transport, optimised for raw speed Useful for applications that can lose packets Reliable connection-oriented delivery More complex transport, involving ordering, error correction, and flow control Introduces the concept of a session for communication Data Transport over IP Networks p.5/24

6 Why not IP directly? IP addresses only identify hosts on the network IP addresses do not identify applications running on those hosts Transport protocols introduce the concept of port numbers, which identify the actual client or server program trying to communicate Data Transport over IP Networks p.6/24

7 Port numbers Source Port Identifies the client-end; often chosen when making a connection, and is usually arbitrary Destination Port Identifies the server-end; chosen ahead of time, and must be known by the client in order to talk to the server A list of well-known port numbers for common protocols can be found in the /etc/services file on any UNIX system Data Transport over IP Networks p.7/24

8 User Datagram Protocol The User Datagram Protocol, or UDP, is a very simple protocol on top of IP. UDP provides unreliable connectionless delivery Essentially, UDP is a very thin layer on top of IP, that does little more than identify the port numbers of the applications engaging in communication Data Transport over IP Networks p.8/24

9 UDP Packet Header Data Transport over IP Networks p.9/24

10 Common uses of UDP Video streaming Multi-player gaming Network filesystems (with reliability added by upper-layer protocols) Data Transport over IP Networks p.10/24

11 Transmission Control Protocol The Transmission Control Protocol, or TCP, is designed to provide reliable stream transport over an unreliable network TCP provides the illusion of a connection across the network, between two applications It handles ordering, error recovery, and flow control Data Transport over IP Networks p.11/24

12 Reliability The concept of reliable transfer is based on a technique known as positive acknowledgement (ACK) with retransmission. The sender keeps track of each packet it sends, and waits for an ACK before ending the next packet The sender also has a timer, and will retransmit if the timer expires before receiving an ACK. Data Transport over IP Networks p.12/24

13 Reliable transfer Data Transport over IP Networks p.13/24

14 Retransmission Data Transport over IP Networks p.14/24

15 Sliding windows We just described a form of communication known as stop and wait. This is not very efficient, especially when there is high latency or packet loss With sliding windows, we no longer have to wait for an ACK on each packet before sending the next one Instead, we define a window of packets that are sent one after another, and deal with ACKs and retransmission later Data Transport over IP Networks p.15/24

16 Sliding window transmission Data Transport over IP Networks p.16/24

17 The window slides Data Transport over IP Networks p.17/24

18 How does TCP work? TCP itself is a protocol, which specifies a means for reliable connection-oriented communications Unlike UDP, TCP uses the connection, not the port number, to identify a session Also, the unit of transfer in a TCP session is known as a segment TCP uses a form of sliding windows and segment sequencing Data Transport over IP Networks p.18/24

19 TCP Packet Header Data Transport over IP Networks p.19/24

20 Opening a TCP connection Data Transport over IP Networks p.20/24

21 Flow control TCP uses variable sized sliding windows to manage data transfer This allows the receiver to control the rate of data flow, to avoid being overrun Data Transport over IP Networks p.21/24

22 Final thoughts on TCP The Internet is not a very clean network, and latency can vary wildly from packet to packet TCP implementations are actually quite sophisticated, and have to deal with flow control, congestion control, timeouts, and retransmission These are handled with complex algorithms which are beyond the scope of this presentation Data Transport over IP Networks p.22/24

23 Conclusion We have seen an overview of how transport protocols function across IP networks Having a basic understanding of these concepts is very important, because it gives one a better understanding of how networks actually function Data Transport over IP Networks p.23/24

24 Questions? Slides produced with Prosper and L A T E X Data Transport over IP Networks p.24/24

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