(S//REL) Open Source Multi-Hop Networks
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1 TOP SECRET//SI/IRELTO USA,FVEY (C//REL) Types ofiat- Advanced Open Source Multi-Hop (S//REL) Open Source Multi-Hop Networks (S//REL) Tor (S//REL) Very widely used worldwide (S//REL) Open Source (S//REL) Active Development (S//REL) Mitigates Threats (S//REL) Very Secure (S//REL) Low enough latency for most TCP uses (S//REL) Still the King of high secure, low latency Internet Anonymity (S//REL) There are no contenders for the throne in waiting 38
2 TOP SECRET//SI//RELTO USA,FVEY (S//REL) Tor Operation (1) Ho~w Tor Works: 1 Tornodo UI\Ctncryptod llnlc oncryptod link Alice l _ - Step 1: Allee's Tor : client obtains a list : of Tor nodes from : a directory server. Jane ' Dave Bob 39
3 TOP SECRET//SI/IRELTO USA,FVEY (S//REL) Tor Operation (2) 18 How Tor Works: 2 ~ lornodo.. + unencrypted link - encrypted lmk Alice St:ep 2: Alice's 7:or cnent picks a random path to destination a~uver. Groen links are encryptfmi, red links are in the clear. Guard Middle 4' Jane. ~ Bob Dave Exit 40
4 TOP SECRET//SI//REL TO USA,FVEY (S//SII/REL) Passive Tor Traffic Analysis (S//SI//REL) For Normal SIGINT flow, need to identify Tor traffic! (S//SI//REL) Only outer TLS layer visible ~ How to Distinguish? (S//SI//REL) Tor developers attempt to remain anonymous by blending in with myriad other TLS traffic (S//SI//REL) Tor TLS has changed over the years (S//SI//REL) There ARE some server ~ client features which are recognizable - (S//SI//REL) Certificate: Specific Diffie-Hellman (OH) Modulus- byte search - (S//SI//REL) Certificate: Issuer and Subject random names of same form- ex: CN=www. ofzfkdjxvrss. net- reg ex match - (S//SI//REL) Certificate: always 2 hour lifetime- ASN.1 parsing, more computation - (S//SI) Multiple XKS fingerprints from multiple parties deployed 43
5 TOP SECRET//SII/REL TO USA,FVEY (S//REL) Tor Project Censorship Driven Activity (S//REL) Driven by Censorship Circumvention, Hide Signature (S//REL) China and Iran still main adversaries (S//REL) Researching better bridge distribution strategies (S//REL) Claim by Tor Project is 8000 requests/day for <1 000 total (S//REL) Around Feb 2011, changed the TLS handshake (S//REL) Signature more like Apache web-server (S//REL) Different DH Modulus (S//SI//REL) New XKS Signatures address this (TS//SI//REL) Proposed eventual change will kill identification! (S//REL) Each Tor node will generate random-ish signatures in a volatile way specifically designed to look like normal website TLS traffic! 44
6 TOP SECRET//SI/IREL TO USA,FVEY (S//REL) Censorship Driven Protocol Obfuscation - Psiphon 3 I Tor (S//REL) Extreme Censorship blocking: Common encrypted protocols (S//REL) In the case of Psiphon 3: SSH (S//REL) In the case of Tor. TLS (S//REL) Make deep packet inspection (XKS :-) ) work harder (S//REL) Both use work of a open source project (brl/obfuscated-openssh) (S//REL) Idea is both sides transmit random seed and verifier information (S//REL) Verifier is hash of seed and other data (S//REL) If verifier passes data used from both side seeds to generate key (S//REL) Key used in symmetric cipher to encrypt native SSH or SSL protocol (S//REL) So for random stream, need to de-obfuscate and test for SSH I SSL (S//REL) Details for Psiphon 3 (S//REL) Hash used for verifier, key generation: 6000 iterations SHA-1 (S//REL) Symmetric cipher is RC-4 (S//REL) Details for Tor Obsfproxy (S//REL) Hash used for verifier, key generation: 1 OOK iterations SHA-256 (S//REL) Symmetric cipher is AES-CTR-128 (SIIREL) Key uses seed from both sides! 45
7 TOP SECRET//SII/REL TO USA,FVEY (S//REL) Tor Project and friends Recent Activity (S//REL) Tor on non-traditional platforms (S//REL) ORBOT, Tor for Android smartphones- Associated browser, easy to use! (S//REL) Tor Router Project- Modified Linksys Router (everything over Tor) (S//REL) Hide-My-IP-Address (S//REL) Proprietary replacement for Tor Browser Bundle (S//REL) From "WCCL NetworJ<' not part of Tor Project (S//SI//REL) Looked at based on reference by CT target (S//REL) Tor Project working on improving support for circumvention» (S//REL) Handshake obfuscation (discussed)» (S//REL) Better bridge proliferation I distribution (S//REL) Tails: Complete Boatable OS on CD for anonymity- includes Tor (S//REL) Adds Severe CNE misery to equation 46
8 TOP SECRET//SII/REL TO USA,FVEY (S//REL) Tor Project and friends Recent Activity (S//REL) Advanced Tor "Obfuscation" Project: SkypeMorph (S//REL) Another option for pluggable transport (S//REL) More sophisticated concept than Obfsproxy (S//REL) Open connection to Skype server with "bridge Skype ID" (S//REL) Encapsulate Tor in encrypted data mimicking Skype Video Traffic (S//REL) Sort of traffic flow steganography vice content steganography (S//REL) True Public Key cryptography vice obfuscation with known key (S//REL) Product of University research - Non-trivial to deploy (TS//SI//REL) Most Recent SIGINT Work on Exploiting Tor (TS//SI//REL) REMATION II Workshop (US/UK) at MHS spring 2012 (S//SI//REL) Unleashed Networking/CNE legions... (S//REL) See later talk by for the scoop
9 TOP SECRET//SII/REL TO USA,FVEY (S//REL) Tor Project and friends Recent Activity (S//REL) Online Feud between 2 IAT Products: Ultrasurf and Tor (S//REL) " Technical Analysis of the Ultrasw1proxying software" (Applebaum) - (S//REL) Analysis (including some SRE) - highly critical - (S//REL) Single hop, controlled by one authority - (S//REL) Security by obscurity - (S//REL) No perfect forward secrecy (forensic traces exploitable) (S//REL) Responsible Disclosure: U/trasurfnotified 12/2011. published 04/2012 (S//REL) "Tors critique of Ultrasurf: A reply from the Ultrasurf developers"» (S//REL) Posted on Ultra surf site days after Tor published critique» (S//REL) All talk and no show» (S//REL) Not fully analyzed» (S//REL) One Approach to IAT: Tor - higher anonymity, smaller scale
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