Information Network 1 TCP 1/2
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1 Functions provided by the transport layer Information Network 1 TCP 1/2 Youki Kadobayashi NAIST! Communication between processes " designation of process " identification of inter-process channel! Interface for upper layer " Connection-oriented (virtual circuit) " Connectionless (datagram)! Competition and arbitration of network resource " Flow control " Congestion control Next lecture 1 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 2 Transport protocols in the Internet protocol suite! TCP (RFC793) " Transmission Control Protocol " Connection-oriented " Multiple Functions! SCTP (RFC4960)! DCCP (RFC4340)! UDP (RFC768) " User Datagram Protocol " Connectionless " IP + Process Identification Advanced topic; out of scope For self study Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 3 Process and connection identification in TCP! Designation of Process " (IP, port)! Identification of TCP connection " (source IP, source port, destination IP, destination port) 1040 ( , 1040) 80 connection connection Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved ( , 22) TCP service model (1) Implementing reliable stream service! Connection-oriented! Byte-stream service " Upper layer can t see a boundary between packets " no boundary -- structuring needed at upper layer! Full duplex " independent two streams in single connection! Reliability O L L E H OK TCP being viewed as byte-stream service O L L E H " masks packet reordering, duplication, discard and bit error OK Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 5! ACK: Acknowledgment " Active acknowledgment! explicitly acknowledges the receipt of packet " Duplicate ACK! transmits the packet loss information! Timeout and Retransmission " If sender doesn t receive ACK after fixed time! Timeout retransmission assuming that transmission has failed! Exponential back-off Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 6
2 ACK Nara Institute of Science and Technology User data arrives Piggybacking: Exploiting full-duplex channel Nara Institute of Science and Technology Graduate S User data arrives 10 Nara Insti Nara Insti Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 7 Graduate School of Information Science User data arrives Note: rough sketch Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 8 Duplicate ACK Questions? Nara Institute of Science and Technology User data arrives 10 Packet loss Nara Institute o Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 9 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 10 From byte-stream to packets: TCP header Chop appropriate length from byte-stream & add TCP header IP Header TCP Header bit source port 4bit hlen reserved bit TCP checksum TCP segment TCP data flags (options) (TCP data) bit destination port bit window size bit urgent pointer Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved octets Nagle algorithm! Q. If you added 20byte+20byte size header to 1byte data, is that overhead big?! Nagle algorithm (RFC896) " There is only one small segment which is unacknowledged in network. " RTT is short! acceptable overhead, because LAN environment! packet sending with small ing " RTT is long! reducing an overhead size, because WAN environment Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 12
3 Q.! In what kind of situation Nagle algorithm has to be turned off? TCP service model (2)! Buffered Transfer " no limitation for writing (virtually) " doesn't need synchronization in application " change process state in operating system! Virtual Circuit " connection setup and release " disconnection is detectable Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 13 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 14 Buffered transfer Virtual Circuit(1): TCP connection establishment Process Process! 3-way handshake SYN Write() Read() block/unblock Write() Read()! SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK! Ensure full-duplex communication send recv send recv URG ACK PSH RST SYN SYN-ACK bit source port bit destination port OS kernel TCP connection 4bit hlen reserved flags bit window size bit TCP checksum bit urgent pointer ACK Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 15 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. TCP connection establishment: an example! dv# tcpdump tcp and host mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp! tcpdump: listening on de0! 12:: dv.aist-nara.ac.jp > mint100.aistnara.ac.jp.telnet:! 12:: mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.telnet > dv.aist-nara.ac.jp : S : (0) ack win <mss 1460> (DF)! 12:: dv.aist-nara.ac.jp > mint100.aistnara.ac.jp.telnet:. ack 1 win (DF) [tos Meanings of tcpdump output! time src.port > dst.port flag [ from:to(nbytes) ack # ] win # opt! 12:: dv.aist-nara.ac.jp > mint100.aistnara.ac.jp.telnet:! 12:: mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.telnet > dv.aist-nara.ac.jp : S : (0) ack win <mss 1460> (DF) if reply Sequence number + 1 as an Ack, that message is acknowledgmente flags Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 17 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 18
4 Questions? Virtual Circuit(2):TCP connection release close Ack of Ack of close 12:: mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.telnet > dv.aist-nara.ac.jp.49626: FP 713:721(8) ack 245 win (DF) [tos 12:: dv.aist-nara.ac.jp > mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.telnet:. ack 722 win (DF) [tos 12:: dv.aist-nara.ac.jp > mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.telnet: F 245:245(0) ack 722 win (DF) [tos 12:: mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.telnet > dv.aist-nara.ac.jp.49626:. ack 246 win (DF) [tos Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 19 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 20 TCP connection reset! RST " Abortive release " Nonexistent port! 13:48: dv.aist-nara.ac.jp > mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.8080: S : (0) win <mss 1460,nop,wscale 1,nop,nop,timestamp > (DF) [tos! 13:48: mint100.aist-nara.ac.jp.8080 > dv.aist-nara.ac.jp.49635: R 0:0(0) ack win 0 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 21 Virtual Circuit(3): Using extended features through TCP options! TCP options in 3-way handshake " agrees with communication peer on their use! 12:: dv.aist-nara.ac.jp > mint100.aistnara.ac.jp.telnet: " MSS option (RFC793, Sep 1981) " Window scale option (RFC1323, May 1992) " Timestamp option (RFC1323) " Selective ACK option (RFC2018, Oct 1996) " etc. Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 22 Virtual Circuit Summary: TCP state transition diagram Questions? Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 23 Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 24
5 Conclusion! Transport Layer! The transport protocol on the internet TCP! TCP: service model, and features! Efficiency: ACK, piggybacking, Nagle algorithm! TCP connection establishment and release Copyright(C)2009 Youki Kadobayashi. All rights reserved. 25
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