IP Multimedia Subsystem and its protocols: a step to convergence

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1 IP Multimedia Subsystem and its protocols: a step to convergence Ewa Gałczyńska, Wojciech Zabierowski, Andrzej Napieralski Abstract- Today s world has been changing drastically over few past years in aspect of telecommunication technology development. World has become a small village, connected via large variety of media and devices. With grow of telecommunication industry popularity a need of internetmobile-fixed convergence has grown to be a significant issue to be considered and implemented. The matter is important as combining latest trends in technology will result in maximalizing user experience. The intention of this article is to present IMS and its protocols possibility to provide efficient technology convergence. Different aspects of this unification are being considered. Not only is the IMS a key to network convergence but service and device convergence as well. A role of SIP and short overview of other protocols is also present in the paper. Keywords- IP multimedia subsystem, convergence, architecture, protocols, user s identities. I. INTRODUCTION In order to better understand the whole concept of convergence and the need of unified solution implementation I shall introduce a real-life example. Imagine Mr. X, a middle aged businessman, working in a large consulting company. Several periods during his workday may be distinguished. At the company Mr. X fulfills his tasks by means of numerous devices. At the beginning of the day, he is establishing settling down some matters with coworkers by means of phone connected to corporate fixed VPN. Some time later he uses local network via WLAN and sends business s. Afterward Mr. X usually goes to lunch, nevertheless, knowing that time is money, he stays in touch on his mobile phone. The afternoon is a moment for the clients to call- on his mobile phone (via GPRS/UMTS) or on the fixed phone (via PSTN/ISDN). Videoconference with his boss is also an important part of his day. Finally at home, in order to cut his costs, the man uses VoIP talking to his son, who is staying aboard. Checking information services and messaging on the internet is a part of Mr. X s evening entertainment. A large variety of devices, a wide range of networks, a whole bunch of services. Poor Mr.X. It is extremely easy to get lost. Not mentioning the need to remember to pay every bill and not to forget about one of the devices when leaving home. Fig.1 IMS independence on access network An instance illustrated above focuses only on the necessity of convergence in our daily life. Nevertheless except of extending user s experience, contemporary technology has supplementary important role to play. Both operators and vendors are other potential recipients of unified solution. New expectations have been defined. Harmonized network, standardized solution, reduced costs are only few requirements among many. Remembering that an introduction of IP protocol in mobile networks may result in merging cellular technology with internet possibilities, operator and vendors started searching for innovative framework. IMS with its independence on access network, service, data transferred Fig.2 Expectations of the user, operator and vendor 1

2 II. IMS- REALISATION OF CONVERGANCE ON VARIOUS LEVELS IP multimedia subsystem has achieved convergence on numerous stages, among them: Service Convergence- multiple types of services (Internet and mobile services) are available from several access networks and devices. Single voic , single customer care, etc are assigned to one user, no matter which network is actually being accessed. In every case, exactly the same functionalities are available. Network Convergence- universal control functions, common service platforms, IP core network and maintenance are being used by an operator. Merging of internet, cellular and fixed mobile world takes place. Terminal Convergence- single phone with various access possibilities may be introduced. One handset simplifies usage, billing, etc. What is more the terminal doesn t depend on data transmitted no matter if it is voice, video, music or plain text. Sales Convergence- unified tariffs, combining services, common branding, convergence offers are possible to be easily implemented Subscription Convergence- user is obtaining only one bill for mobile and fixed services. Markets Convergence- solutions for residential, personal and enterprise environments are being unified. Integrated billing for every market is another feature that should be mentioned. III. WHAT EXACTLY IS THE IP MULTIMEDIA SUBSYSTEM? IMS is a standardized architectural framework specified by 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), characterized by IP and SIP based architecture for mobile operators who aims to employ internet, real time services into cellular telephony. This new technology embodies new approach to telecommunication with its tendency to full IP and SIP migration in the times when simple phone calls and messaging are not sufficient. The IMS would enable the convergence of voice, messaging, video, data and internet-based services in single end-user s handset. All these features of IMS will result in extended user experience, usage simplicity and take effect into user, operator and vendor satisfaction. IMS is designed to interwork with any existing network. This framework architecture is characterized by independency on Circuit Switched CS domain, nevertheless it supports it as well as Packet Switched PS domain. The technology focuses also on different access networks (WLAN, PSTN, UMTS and wide variety of others) IMS introduces brand new, intelligent, presence and location based services and among many: presence mode, push to talk or interactive gaming. Technology has become personalized and innovative. What is also worth mentioning, Quality of Service parameters are being negotiated before IMS session is established. QoS is essential in terms of getting pleasure from using the multimedia sessions, not despising new technology due to lack of it. In order to entirely understand the IMS, firstly basic architecture, underlying protocols and rules of operation has to be understood. This article would be focused on protocols and shortly on architecture overview, as they are an excellent key to convergence and interconnection between cellular and internet world. IIIa. IMS ARCHITECTURE Innovative architecture plays an important role in IMS understanding since it takes direct part in session negotiation and communication itself. As far as latest technology is concerned new network nodes, interfaces and reference points appear and all these new elements cooperating with internet protocols unify and bond the solution. Among many new nodes, couples of them are worth describing and considering. They all belong to Control Layer, the layer which is of the most significance. Main nodes of IMS CSCF (Call Session Control Function) - the most important part of innovative architecture. It takes direct part in routing SIP signaling packets, registration, session establishment and user authentication. CSCF may be divided into three categories: - P-CSCF (Proxy CSCF) - is a proxy between other elements. First contact point for the end-users. UE is searching for P-CSCF address, afterward PDP context is activated. It takes direct and main role in authentication process as well as generating data charging - I-CSCF (Interrogating CSSF) - interrogates HSS about next hop in communication, which can be S-CSCF or application server and then it acts as a proxy for routing the incoming packets to C-CSCF or AS. All these tasks enable the user to be registered. - S-CSCF (Serving CSCF)- performs session control services for an end-user since it is a central point of control layer. Acts as SIP registrar. It has the ability to download profiles from HSS and choose application server according to user s service requirements. HSS (Home Subscriber Server) - keeps all user s profiles and their service portfolio as well as subscriber s physical location (analogous to GSM HLR) 2

3 Fig.3 IP Multimedia Subsystem Architecture [6] AS- Application Server- SIP server, responsible for hosting and executing services. It may reside at home network or third party location (there is a possibility for AS to be a stand-alone server). BGCF- Breakout Gateway Control Function- selects network for PSTN or other CS breakout. Basing on telephone numbers it performs routing functionalities. MRF - is a source of media with ability to perform different kinds of media operation and analysis like transcode between various codecs. Besides nodes distinguished above there are many others. The ones I have described are of the most importance as they are directly adjusted for new internet protocols usage (like SIP protocol with its session establishment, maintenance and session release) and innovative function realization. Next step in understanding IMS and its tendency to convergence is comprehension of underlying protocols. IPv6 IIIb. IMS PROTOCOLS As the name of the technology entail, the IP connectivity for a terminal that wants to register into IP Multimedia Subsystem is mandatory. The first prerequisite before the end user may start establishing IMS session is its need to acquire of IP address. What is important, the IP address may me obtained either from home network or visited network. This independence is a big advantage since the end user is able to attain IP connectivity, even if he is roaming to foreign network with no IMS access. The question may appear, why IMS users are obliged to acquire for IPv6 not IPv4. The answer seems rather obvious. First of all, due to large increase in IP based devices, nowadays world deals with shortage of IPv4 addresses. IPv6 uses 128 bits, which seems rather long term solution. The second reason for using IPv6 is Quality of Service support of data that is being transferred. To establish and maintain a session a certain level of quality has to be preserved. IPv6 ancestor hasn t fulfilled the quality condition. Final reason is certainly the simplicity of mobility. Subscribers may easily roam into different visited networks, what was much more complicated with IPv4. SIP- Session Initiation Protocol The endpoint has accomplished obtaining IP connectivity and now it s time to agree on session characteristics with an assistance of SIP protocol. This protocol is so universal since it supports mobile, fixed telephony, VoIP, etc. what confirms its flexibility and usefulness in convergence aspiration. The SIP is well described by its function of establishing, modifying and terminating multimedia sessions. In order to establish or modify the session, one of its tasks is to check the end-user s availability. What is more SIP determines subscriber s location and agrees on session parameters or media that are about to be used taking user s capabilities into consideration (for example, called party doesn t support some video protocol, another one is suggested then). Important feature of SIP protocol is the fact that multimedia session may be joined or abandoned dynamically and more than two participants are permitted. 3

4 Every SIP method is answered with only one final response (2xx-6xx). SIP Methods examples: ACK, BYE, CANCEL, INVITE, REGISTER, INFO, PRACK, NOTIFY, UPDATE, PUBLISH. SIP responses examples: 1xx-provisional response, 2xxsuccess, 3xx-redirection, 4xx- request failure FEW OTHER SIGNIFICANT PROTOCOLS SUPPORTING SIP IN IMS SDP- Session Description Protocol This application layer, text based protocol is encapsulated in SIP. Describing multimedia session parameters is its basic function. During establishing the session both end-users exchange their capabilities and media formats. This dialog is performed with an assistance of SDP Diameter In IP Multimedia Subsystem the protocol was chosen as Authentication, Authorization and Accounting protocol. With a help of SIP application servers and HSS it may authenticate user and authorize utilizing of SIP resources. RTP- Real Time Transport Protocol The protocol is responsible for end to end real time media transport. Important function is sequence numbering, which results in possibility of packets delivery monitoring Fig. 4 SIP dialog example Technically SIP is application layer control protocol, which runs on standard transport layer protocols like TCP, UDP or SCTP. SIP is certainly not an absolute, self sufficient solution. It has to cooperate with other protocols and applications in order to supply the communication between end- users. Moreover SIP encapsulates a protocol describing media flow (ex. SDP) MEGACO- Media Gateway Transport Protocol MEGACO is responsible for signaling and session maintenance during multimedia conference. Its usage occurs between media gateway and media gateway controller. RSVP- Resource Reservation Protocol The protocol ensures that there are enough resources to establish and maintain the session therefore it has major impact on quality of service. IV. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE USER IDENTITIES IP Multimedia Subsystem introduces another remarkable step to convergence: public and private identities. This brand new solution simplifies communication using different networks, different smart cards. Fig.5 SIP and other protocols Public User Identities (IMPU) Couple public identities are allocated by network operator to exactly one subscriber for a period of subscription. Routing SIP requests is the role of IMPU. The identity is visible contact information and it may be publicized on the business cards, on the web pages, etc (analogous to MSISDN number in UMTS). Public identity consists of: - SIP URI: sip:xyz@p.lodz.pl - TEL URI :

5 SIP URI is essential in IMS communication, TEL URI is crucial in making phone calls between IMS terminal and PSTN device. Every user has at least one SIP URI and one TEL URI. Nevertheless more URIs may be allocated to subscriber, for example personal URI and business one. Private User Identity (IMPI) Exactly one private identity is allocated by network operator to exactly one subscriber for a period of subscription. The function of IMPI is to authenticate and identify subscription. The identity is not visible to end-user. Private identity may be compared to IMSI number in UMTS. Both identities public and private are stored on the special SIM card, ISIM card, dedicated to IMS. Also new smart card has been introduced- UICC- Universal Integrated Circuit Card, that can enclose several logic applications as SIM, USIM and ISIM. V. SUMMARY The initiative of convergence seems a great solution for an operator, vendor, but especially end-user who is lost in plenty of devices, networks, data and finally numerous bills for every service separately. IMS with its architecture and protocols is at least one step to simplifying communication for an average subscriber. REFERENCES [1] Gonzalo Camarillo, Maguel A.Garcia-Martin- The 3G IP Multimedia Subsystem. Merging the Internet and the cellular worlds ; 2004 [2] M.Poikselka, G.Mayer, H.Khartabil, A.Niemi The IMS- IP Multimedia Cocepts and Services ; 2006 [3] RFC 3261 [4] Introduction to IMS- While Paper- Ericsson; 2007 [5] [6] en.wikipedia.org Fig.6 UICC Card 5

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