Each ICMP message contains three fields that define its purpose and provide a checksum. They are TYPE, CODE, and CHECKSUM fields.
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1 IP address ICMP
2 Each ICMP message contains three fields that define its purpose and provide a checksum. They are TYPE, CODE, and CHECKSUM fields. The TYPE field identifies the ICMP message, the CODE field provides further information about the associated TYPE field, and the CHECKSUM provides a method for determining the integrity of the message.
3 The purpose of these control messages is to provide feedback about problems in the communication environment, not to make IP reliable.
4
5 Type of Messages Error-reporting message: report problems that a router or host (destination) may encounter when it processes an IP packet. Query Message: help a host or a network manger get specific information from a router or another host.
6 ICMP always reports error messages to the original source. Error typing: Destination unreachable (type 3) Source quench (type 4) Time exceeded (type 11) Parameter problems (type 12) Redirection (type 5)
7 Destination Unreachable When a packet is undeliverable, a Destination Unreachable, Type 3, ICMP is generated. Type 3 ICMPs can have a Code value of 0 to 15
8 Source Quench An ICMP Source Quench message has a Type field of 4 and Code 0. Source Quench messages are sent when the destination is unable to process traffic as fast as the source is sending it. The Source Quench ICMP tells the source to cut back the rate at which it is sending data. The destination will continue to generate Source Quench ICMPs until the source is sending at an acceptable speed.
9 Redirect Message An intermediary device will generate an ICMP Redirect Message when it determines that a route being requested can be reached either locally or through a better path. Redirect Message ICMPs are Type 5 (The router & host have routing table)
10 Time Exceeded If a router or host discards a packet due to a timeout, it will generate a Time Exceeded Type 11 ICMP. The Time Exceeded ICMP will have a Code value of either 0 or 1. A Code 0 is generated when the hop count of a datagram is exceeded and the packet is discarded. A Code 1 is generated when the reassemble of a fragmented packet exceeds the time-out value.
11 Parameter Problem When an intermediary device or host discards a datagram because exist ambiguity in the header part of a datagram or missing value in any field, an ICMP 12 is generated. parameter-problem message back to the source. code 0: Main header problem code 1: problem in the option field
12 A router receives an IPv4 packet with source IP address and destination IP address The router can t find the destination address in its routing table. Which ICMP message should be sent?
13 What is the type of the message? What is the code? What is the purpose of the message? If ICMP message has arrived with the header (in hexadecimal). If ICMP message has arrived with the header B 03 02
14 (in hexadecimal). Type 3 code 3 destination unreachable B Type 5 code 0 redirection message
15 Information query function Help a source host or a network manager get specific information from a router or another host.
16 Echo request and reply : Echo request is type 8, while echo reply is type 0. When a host receives a type 8, it replies with a type 0.
17 Timestamp-request and timestamp-reply message format McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
18 Timestamp request/reply Timestamp-request and timestamp-reply messages can be used to calculate the round-trip time between a source and a destination
19 Sending time = value of receive timestamp value of original timestamp Receiving time = time the packet returned value of transmit timestamp Round-trip time = sending time + receiving time
20 Given the information: Value of original timestamp: 46 Value of receive timestamp: 59 Value of transmit timestamp: 60 Time the packet arrived: 67 Calculate Sending time,receiving time,round-trip time.
21 What is Checksum? A check sum is basically a value that is computed from data packet to check its integrity. The checksum is calculated by using both the header and the data fields of the ICMP message
22
23 Rules of Binary Addition = = = = 0, and carry 1 to the next more significant bit = 1, and carry 1 to the next more significant bit
24 Calculate the checksum for the following ICMP packet:
25 Example of checksum calculation McGraw-Hill The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
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