Fast IP Convergence. Section 4. Period from when a topology change occurs, to the moment when all the routers have a consistent view of the network.
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1 Fast IP Convergence Section _05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 IP Convergence Convergence Time Period from when a topology change occurs, to the moment when all the routers have a consistent view of the network. No magic numbers most improvements have resulted directly from customer experience 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 2 Presentation_ID.scr 1
2 Routing Protocols Distance Vector Advertise global information to local neighbors RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, BGP Link State Flood local information to all the routers in the network/area OSPF, ISIS 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Distance Vector R2 R1 A B R4 E R5 C D R3 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Presentation_ID.scr 2
3 Link State R1 R R1 A C R3 B D R4 E R5 R2 Logical View R3 10 R4 100 R5 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Issues Affecting Convergence Neighbor Discovery and Maintenance initial route exchange dead timers Detection of Changes How fast can the router detect a change? Are all changes equal? 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Presentation_ID.scr 3
4 Issues Affecting Convergence (Cont.) Propagation of Information How fast is the change propagated? Packetization delay. Network Design Hierarchy Addressing Redundancy 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 EIGRP - Basics Distance Vector Protocol uses DUAL (Diffusing Update Algorithm) incremental updates Maintains Topology Table Feasible Successors = loop free back up paths Widely deployed in enterprise networks 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Presentation_ID.scr 4
5 EIGRP - Feasible Successors The path through C is a Feasible Successor loop free immediate convergence!! E 100 B A D 150 C _05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 EIGRP - Active Process At A: D Advertises A Adds Inbound for B Advertises A Adds Inbound for B Is Not a Feasible Successor A B: 128 D: 1000 D B: 56 D: 2000 B: 56 D: 2000 B B: 56 D: 2000 C B: D: / _05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Presentation_ID.scr 5
6 EIGRP - Active Process A to D Link Fails A Queries B B Checks Its Topology Table B s Best Path Is through A B Queries C C Checks Its Topology Table C s Best Path Is Not through B C Replies to B B Replies to A A Uses Path through B A B: 128 D: 1000 D B: D: 100 B: 56 D: 2000 B: 56 D: /24 B B: 56 D: 2000 C 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 EIGRP - Stuck in Active A to D Link Fails A Queries B B Queries C On B: 3:00 2:30 2:00 1:30 1:00 0:30 0:00 %DUAL-3-SIA: Route /24 Stuck-in-Active State in IP-EIGRP 109 Cleaning Up A B: 128 D: 1000 D B: D: 100 B: 56 D: 2000 B: 56 D: /24 B B: 56 D: 2000 C 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Presentation_ID.scr 6
7 EIGRP - Stuck in Active B Resets Adjacency with C B Answers A (Negative Reply) B Relearns All Routes through C A B: 56 D: 2000 B: 56 D: 2000 B B: 56 D: 2000 C D /24 B: D: _05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 EIGRP - Stuck in Active Query process stops when: All queries are answered End of network reached The lost component is unknown 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Presentation_ID.scr 7
8 Likely Causes for Stuck-In-Active Bad or congested links Query range is too long Excessive redundancy Router memory shortage Software defects (very seldom) 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 EIGRP - Minimizing SIA Routes Decrease query scope Summarization (manual or auto) Distribute-lists Particularly on dual-homed remotes Stub routers Query-State Message remind the neighbor about the outstanding Query 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Presentation_ID.scr 8
9 Decreasing Query Scope Queries Replies No Knowledge of / /24 IP summary-address eigrp on Outbound Interfaces toward Remote Routers 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 EIGRP - Stub Routers router eigrp 1 stub [connected][static][summary][receive-only] Defined on remote routers Restricts route advertisement to connected, static, summary, or none Queries are not propagated to stub routers 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Presentation_ID.scr 9
10 Decreasing Query Scope Example Queries Replies Distribution Layer /24 Router B Remote Sites Router C Router A Router D Router E 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Decreasing Query Scope Stub Remotes Queries Replies Distribution Layer /24 Router B Remote Sites Router C Router A Router D Remote Routers (Router C, Router D, and Router E) Are All Defined as Stub Routers Router E 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Presentation_ID.scr 10
11 EIGRP - Other Issues Packetization delay = 10 ms Holddown Time = 5 sec Uses at most 50% of the defined bw for routing information configurable => user may set it to unusable values! Pacing <= 100 pps 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 OSPF - Basics Link State Protocol Network MUST have a logical hierarchical design Incremental Updates Refresh every 30 min - LSA grouping DNA bit may be used to eliminate refresh Probably the most used protocol 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Presentation_ID.scr 11
12 OSPF - Neighbors Neighbor Discovery local router must appear in peer s neighbor list before becoming adjacent full database exchange once neighbors are adjacent Data transfer may only occur once the initial database synchronization has ended 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 OSPF - Neighbors (Cont.) HELLO timer = 10 second 30 sec on < T1 Dead Timer = 4 x HELLO interval Configurable Existing proposals for fast HELLOs would allow 1 sec Dead Timer. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Presentation_ID.scr 12
13 OSPF - Hierarchical Structure ABR Backbone Area #0 Area #1 Area #2 Area #3 Topology of an area is invisible from outside of the area LSA flooding is bounded by area SPF calculation is performed separately for each area 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 OSPF - SPF Runs Full SPF must be executed for intra-area routes Partial SPF calculated for inter-area routes and externals 5 sec holddown before executing SPF Configurable using timers ospf spf 10 sec between each SPF run 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 26 Presentation_ID.scr 13
14 OSPF - Propagation of Changes R1 LSP LSP LSP R4 LSP R5 LSP R3 Delay before generating LSAs 500 ms Flood List maintained per neighbor and per area 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 27 OSPF - Convergence Aids Clean definition of areas addressing / summarization Reduce the number of external routes summarize use stub areas 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 28 Presentation_ID.scr 14
15 ISIS - Basics Link State Protocol Logical hierarchical network design contiguous L2 all L1 areas are stubs Deployed in large ISP networks ISPs use only one Level in the whole network Route Leaking is prompting for hierarchical network deployment. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 29 ISIS - Neighbor Discovery 3-Way Handshake HELLO interval = 10 sec. Min = 3 per second HoldTime = 3 x HELLO Interval Full MTU padding Prevents future failures Can be turned off using no isis hello padding 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 30 Presentation_ID.scr 15
16 ISIS - Initial Routing Exchange After 3-Way Handshake, CSNP are exchanged wait 2 sec before sending LSPs Speed enhancement: send local LSP on p2p networks All links are bi-directional 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 31 ISIS - Propagation of Changes Wait for LSP generation - increased exponentially up to 50ms for adjacency/interface changes 2 sec for IP address change, DIS adjacency or redistributed information 1 sec for inter-area LSPs 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 32 Presentation_ID.scr 16
17 ISIS - SPF Calculation SPF Calculation Initial wait 5.5sec -10 sec between runs Minimum times between SPF runs can be configured using spf-interval Partial Route Calculation may be executed when only leaf routes changed Minimum time between partial route calculations can be configured using prc-interval Backup Elements 2nd and 3rd best routes are tracked to reduce overhead and accelerate convergence 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 33 Exponential Back-Offs Fast reaction at first, but under constant churn, IS-IS slows down Old syntax still applies but can now configure the initial wait and a secondary wait Once more experience gained, defaults can be tuned to more appropriate values Use with care! 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 34 Presentation_ID.scr 17
18 LSP Creation - Extended Syntax lsp-gen-interval <x> <y> <z> <x> minimum time between creating new versions of the same LSP <y> msec between trigger and LSP build <z> msec between first and second build Timer is per node, not per interface All fragments are regenerated at once unchanged fragments are ignored 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 35 SPF & PRC - Extended Syntax spf-interval <x> [<y> <z>] <x> Time between SPF runs <y> Time between first trigger and SPF <z> Time between first and second SPF <x> is in seconds, <y> and <z> in msec Same syntax for prc-interval Should apply across whole network 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 36 Presentation_ID.scr 18
19 Example Behaviour Example: spf-interval Decide to run the first SPF: Y Z we wait 100 ms (value Y) and run first SPF we wait at least 1 second (value Z) before running a second SPF if needed if we need to run a third SPF, we wait a further 2 seconds (2 x value Z) we then wait 4 seconds before running the next SPF, then 8 seconds and so on _05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 37 Example Behaviour When the network calms down, and there were no triggers for 2 times the minimum interval - value (which gives us 20 seconds in this example), we go back to fast behaviour (100 ms initial wait) 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 38 Presentation_ID.scr 19
20 ISIS - Other Database Transfer Rate 33 LSPs/second Up to 50% of the BW on low speed interfaces (< T1) -- min = 1 LSP/sec Refresh timer of up to 18 hours 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 39 BGP - Basics Path Vector Protocol Logical TCP connections between nodes Incremental Updates Per AS behavior NET_HOP is next AS Deployed everywhere on the Internet 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 40 Presentation_ID.scr 20
21 BGP - Neighbors OPEN Messages are exchanged to indicate general parameters timers HOLDTIME 180s KEEPALIVE = HOLDTIME/3 May take a looong time to detect that a neighbor is down 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 41 BGP - Neighbors (Cont.) Only the best route is propagated Propagation depends on where the best path was learned from if form an ebgp peer, propagate to all other peers if from an ibgp peer, propagate only to ebgp peers A full logical mesh must exist between ibgp neighbors 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 42 Presentation_ID.scr 21
22 BGP - Failure Detection Loss of Neighbor: up to 3 min NET_HOP reachability: up to 1 min routing table scan interval configurable (also for synchronization between multiple routing tables) IGP Metric to MED: up to 10 min may result in non-optimal routing 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 43 BGP - MED 690 A MED = IGP metric to the NET_HOP 1755 B MED = Multi Exit Discriminator Indication of preferred path into an AS 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 44 Presentation_ID.scr 22
23 BGP Propagation Delay Propagation Delay between Updates 30 seconds for ebgp connections 15 seconds for ibgp connections Studies suggest the times may be reduced in the presence of BGP dampening. Real life observations 30 seconds average from Australia to East Coast US (Telstra) 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 45 BGP Policy Changes BGP only sends updates when changes take place if the policies change, then all the updates need to be sent/received again this used to mean a session reset ROUTE_REFESH allows for the new policies to be applied w/out disrupting the session New BGP Packet type Works inbound or outbound. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 46 Presentation_ID.scr 23
24 BGP - Interaction w/igps OC-12 C OC-12 A B OC-3 OC-3 OC-3 A and B have external connections Full ibgp mesh The path through the AS is via C The NET_HOP is reachable through the IGP. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 47 ISIS - Overload Bit Used to indicate unavailability of the node the LSP is transmitted, but the router is not used Set during initial boot-up to prevent traffic from being lost Can also be set while BGP is converging to prevent black holing traffic. Useful for maintenance. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 48 Presentation_ID.scr 24
25 OSPF Stub Router Advertisement The router LSA is advertised with a metric of LS_INFINITY. Makes the router reachable, but not a candidate for transit (if an alternate path exists). The local router may be advertised as stub during boot-up, or while BGP is converging. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 49 Routing Convergence Aids Non-Stop Forwarding Non-intrusive adjacency recovery and route exchange. Graceful Shutdown Faster failure detection. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 50 Presentation_ID.scr 25
26 Non-Stop Forwarding - Summary BGP EIGRP ISIS OSPF Restart Capability Indication Restart Indication Implicit in TCP Forwarding State Implicit Implicit Implicit Peer Requirements All ibgp None None All Delayed Updates End-of-RIB End-of-Table Other <AFI, Sub-AFI> 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 51 Graceful Shutdown Operation Protocol Specific Signaling BGP EIGRP ISIS OSPF CEASE NOTIFICATION Update with the INIT-bit set LAN interfaces : IIH with an empty IS Neighbors TLV Point-to-Point Links: p2p Adjacency State TLV set to Init. Hello with an empty Neighbor list 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 52 Presentation_ID.scr 26
27 Summary The design of the network plays a VERY important role in the performance of the routing protocols. Ability to change the protocol is tied to the specification, the implementation and the deployed base. Current state based mainly on external experience - need to do more internal testing. 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 53 Presentation_ID 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc Presentation_ID.scr 27
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