COSC 301 Network Management. Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS
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1 COSC 301 Network Management Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS Zhiyi Huang Computer Science, University of Otago COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 1
2 Today s Focus WWW WWW How to secure web applications? -- Secure Socket Layer (SSL) -- Transport Layer Security (TLS) -- HTTPS COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 2
3 HTTP Basic Authentication (1) The simplest method for enforcing access control to web resources using a username and password. Uses static standard HTTP headers with no handshake Server side: uses a WWW-authenticate HTTP header WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm= Wally World Client side: uses an Authorization header Authorization: base64(username + : + password) Wally World COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 3
4 HTTP Basic Authentication (2) challenge-response paradigm Client Server 1 GET HTTP/1.1 webcallendar.co.nz HTTP/ Authentication Required WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm = webcallendar 2 3 GET HTTP/1.1 webcallendar.co.nz Authorization: Basic QWxhZGRpbjpvcGVuIHNlc2FtZQ== HTTP/ OK Webcallendar.php 4 The basic mechanism does not provide enough confidentiality protection for the transmitted credentials. COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 4
5 Message Digest Verifies that a message has not be altered Uses a hash function MD5 SHA-1 COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 5
6 HTTP Digest Authentication Avoids the most serious flaws of basic authentication, but not intents to be a complete solution to web security. Sever challenges using a nonce value Client responses with a digest (by default, the MD5 checksum) of the username, password, nonce value, HTTP method, and the requested URI HA1=MD5(username:realm:password) HA2=MD5(method:digestURI) response=md5(ha1:nonce:ha2) COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 6
7 SSL and TLS SSL Secure Sockets Layer protocol TLS Transport Layer Security protocol To provide security and compression services to data generated by the application layer Application Layer SSL or TLS TCP/UDP Fragmentation Compression Message Integrity Confidentiality Framing IP COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 7
8 SSL & TLS History SSL v2.0 by Netscape (disable this!) SSL v3.0 more scrutiny, fixes attack vectors TLS v1.0 (= SSL v3.1) by IETF Few changes, but incompatible with v3.0 TLS v1.1 clarifies, adds recommendations TLS v1.2 cipher updates, extensions TLS v1.3 still in draft COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 8
9 SSL/TLS Protocols Application Layer Handshake Protocol ChangeCipherSpec Protocol Alert Protocol Record Protocol Transport Layer COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 9
10 The Handshake Protocol Uses messages to Negotiate the cipher suite Authenticate sever and/or client Exchange information for building cryptographic secrets Client cipher suite compression method two random number for key generation Server Phase I Establishing security capabilities Server authentication and key exchange Phase II Phase III Client authentication and key exchange Finalizing the Handshake protocol Phase IV COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 10
11 ChangeCipherSpec & Alert Protocols When can the two parties use these parameters or secrets? Cannot use them until they have sent or received a special message -> the ChangeCipherSpec message How to deal with errors? Uses the Alert protocol to report errors and abnormal conditions. COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 11
12 The Record Protocol Carries messages from the upper layers Message fragmentation Message compression (optional) Message encryption Payload from upper-layer Fragment All encrypted except the header! Compression Compressed Compressed Encryption MAC Hash MAC secret Encrypted fragment TLS payload Header COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 12
13 HTTPS HTTP over TLS or HTTP over SSL Layering HTTP on top of the SSL or TLS Adding security capabilities of SSL/TLS to standard HTTP Difference from HTTP HTTP URLs begin with and use port 80 by default HTTPS URLs begin with and use port 443 by default COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 13
14 Website Certificate (1) What is website certificate? Used to guarantee one is talking to the partner with whom one want to talk. Generated, signed, and managed by the certificate authorities (CA) COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 14
15 Website Certificate (2) Can you trust a certificate? Check if the web address matches the address on the certificate Check if the certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority, and the date is valid Check the key length, the extensions, the encryption algorithms COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 15
16 Website Certificate (3) How do we know a website uses encryption? A closed padlock A URL that begins with https: rather than http: COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 16
17 Man-in-the-middle Attack (1) What is MITM attack? The attacker secretly relays communications between two parties who believe they are directly communicating with each other. COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 17
18 Man-in-the-middle Attack (2) COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 18
19 Man-in-the-middle Attack (3) How to defense against MITM attack? We will introduce different solutions in the following lectures. COSC301 Lecture 15: SSL/TLS and HTTPS 19
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