Sieťové prostriedky na vytváranie VPN. Michal Majerčík 2014
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1 Sieťové prostriedky na vytváranie VPN Michal Majerčík
2 Teória VPN sietí Osnova Praktické konfigurácie (Cisco, Fortinet, Juniper, windows...) 2
3 Čo je to VPN sieť Základ VPN Prečo budujeme VPN siete 3
4 Čo je to VPN sieť Základ VPN Prečo budujeme VPN siete Confidentiality Integrity Peer authentication Key management 4
5 Základné použitie VPN 5
6 História kryptografie Je stará cca 5000 rokov Používala sa v diplomatických a vojenských kruhoch 6
7 Substitúcia Skladanie písmen Otočenie slov Prvé metódy šifrovania 7
8 Symetrické šifrovanie Proces šifrovania 8
9 Proces šifrovania Asymetrické šifrovanie 9
10 Možnosti vytvárania VPN tunelov Metódy tunelovania: L2TP (L2F) PPTP IPSec 10
11 L2TP [Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol] Vychádza z predchodcu L2F a špecifikácie PPTP Spojenie prebieha na druhej vrstve Zabezpečenie zriadenie tunela PPP 11
12 L2TP [Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol] Zriadenie L2TP tunela: 12
13 PPTP [Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol] Protokol od spoločnosti Microsoft Implementovaný vo všetkých OS Windows Používa sa na vytvorenie VPN cez internet 13
14 Porovnanie L2TP - PPTP PPTP umožňuje užívateľovi výber cieľového uzlu tunelu až po zostavení PPP spojenia Pri modeli L2TP je PPP spojenie ukončené v sieti poskytovateľa komutovaného pripojenia L2TP model je používaný v prípadoch, kedy veľkí poskytovatelia obsahu prenajímajú prístupové siete iným firmám 14
15 IPSec [IP Security] Poskytuje autentizáciu a ochranu údajov pri prenose Na ochranu údajov sa používajú symetrické šifrovacie algoritmy Obsahuje obojsmernú autentizáciu a vyjednanie kryptografických metód a kľúčov Na začiatku sa identifikujú obe strany, a potom sa začne šifrovať 15
16 IPSec [IP Security] 16
17 IPSec [IP Security] IPSec protokol má na výber z troch hlavných protokolov: IPSec ESP [Encapsulating Security Payload] IPSec AH [Authentication Header] IPSec SA [Security Association] 17
18 IPSec AH IPSec [IP Security] IP protokol 51 Je zachovaná integrita dát Je overená autenticita zdroja dát Zaisťuje integritu a autentizáciu zdroja dát Využíva hašovaciu funkciu (MD5 alebo SHA) Dnes sa samostatne skoro vôbec nepoužíva 18
19 IPSec ESP IPSec [IP Security] IP protokol 50 Je zachovaná integrita dát a dôvernosť Je overená autenticita zdroja dát Dáta sú šifrované Využíva šifrovacie algoritmy (DES alebo AES) 19
20 IPSec SA IPSec [IP Security] skupina algoritmov, ktoré poskytujú parametre pre bezpečnú komunikáciu pomocou AH a ESP používa ISAKMP Framework a doplnkový protokol, napríklad IKE, pre výpočet atribútov Atribúty Šifrovací algoritmus Platnosť kľúčov Kompresiu a zapúzdrenie 20
21 IPSec [IP Security] Možnosť dvoch režimov Tunelový mód Transportný mód 21
22 IPSec [IP Security] 22
23 IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] Používa sa na začiatku IPSec komunikácie Používa port 500 (udp) Pre autentizáciu používa PSK alebo certifikát Rieši pravidelnú výmenu šifrovacích kľúčov Používa sa DH [Diffie-Hellman] na výmenu kľúčov IKE riadi silu kľúčov, použitie hašovacích funkcií, automatické generovanie a obnovovanie kľúčov, vyjednáva SA asociáciu 23
24 IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] ISAKMP SA jeden obojsmerný, bezpečnostný, dorozumievací kanál na výmenu bezpečnostných parametrov Životnosť je 24 hodín 25
25 1. fáza IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] 26
26 1. fáza IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] Dojednávajú si kanál ISAKMP SA Vytvoria bezpečný kanál pre IPSec SA vo fáze 2 Dohodnú si šifrovací algoritmus Hašovaciu funkciu Má dva módy» Main mode 6 paketov» Aggressive mode 3 pakety 27
27 1. fáza IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] Má tri možné metódy autentifikácie Pre-Share key na oboch zariadeniach sa používa ručne zadaný kľúč Public Key Infrastructure vygenerovanie certifikátov X.509 Náhodné čísla šifrované RSA 28
28 IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] Silnejšie politiky je dobré umiestňovať na začiatok tabuliek NAT-T Pakety v rámci IPSec-u sú chránené hašom, Pri NAT-ovaní sa mení hlavička Zapúzdri paket do UDP portu 29
29 2. fáza IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] Výmena jednosmerných správ IPSec SA a parametrov Každá správa je šifrovaná iným kľúčom Quick mode rieši znovu vyjednanie SA tesne pred jeho vypršaním. 30
30 2. fáza IKEv1 [Internet Key Exchange] Doplnkové zabezpečenie PFC [Perfect Forward Secrecy] pri odvodzovaní kľúčov vo fáze 2 sa odvodzujú z fázy 1. PFC pomocou D-H vyžiada znovu výmenu kľúčov pre fázu 2 XAUTH [Extended User Authentication] overenie peera voči RADIUS serveru. (Fáza 1 + fáza 2) 31
31 IKEv1 vs. IKEv2 [Internet Key Exchange] Používa menej transakcií na vyjednanie spojenia Silnejšia bezpečnosť (ochrana pred DoS a.i) Používa sekvenčné čísla, potvrdzovanie a korekcie chýb Podporuje EAP 32
32 SSL/TLS SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) je otvorený protokol V súčasnosti jedna z najpoužívanejších metód na zabezpečenie dátových prenosov SSL využíva asymetrické šifrovanie 33
33 SSL/TLS SSL protokol očakáva dva kroky: Spojenie SSL spojenia sú dočasné a každé spojenie je asociované jednou reláciou Relácia SSL spojenie medzi klientom a serverom. Slúžia na dojednanie bezpečnostných parametrov, aby pre každé spojenie nevznikala nová požiadavka 34
34 SSL/TLS SSL Handshake Protokol Autentifikuje server a klienta Dojednáva» šifrovací algoritmus» Algoritmus na výpočet autentizačného kódu» Kryptografický kľúč Výmena nastáva pred prenosom aplikačných údajov 35
35 SSL/TLS SSL Handshake Protokol 36
36 1 fáza SSL/TLS Nadviazanie logického spojenia Inicializuje ju klient, požaduje najvyššiu verziu SSL a náhodné číslo Server odpovedá rovnakými parametrami ako klient žiada. Verzia môže byť menšia ako klient žiada 37
37 1 fáza SSL/TLS Možnosť použitých kľúčov na výmenu»rsa»pevný DH»Dočasný DH»Anonymný DH 38
38 2 fáza SSL/TLS Server pošle svoj certifikát Správa certifikátu je vyžadovaná vždy okrem metódy anonymného DH 39
39 3 fáza SSL/TLS Klient overuje platnosť poslaného certifikátu Klient kontroluje, či boli akceptované hello správy Po overení klient pošle správu o výsledku Server môže požadovať certifikát 40
40 4 fáza SSL/TLS Ukončuje vytváranie bezpečnostného spojenia Správa finished ukončuje úspešnú výmenu kľúčov 41
41 TLS SSL/TLS Je nástupca SSL protokolu SSL 3.0 sa skoro rovná TLS 1.0 Umožňuje začať komunikáciu v nešifrovanom formáte 42
42 Praktická realizácia VPN 43
43 Zariadenia na realizáciu VPN 44
44 45
45 Cisco rodina Routre 46
46 Cisco rodina Firewall 47
47 VPN na routry: Štandardný IPSec VTI GRE tunel Easy VPN DM VPN GET VPN AnyConnect Cisco rodina 48
48 VPN na ASA FW IPsec VPN Cisco rodina Site-to-Site - spojujú sa VPN zariadenia Remote Access - používa sa Cisco VPN klient SSL VPN Clientless SSL VPN - prístup cez webový prehliadač, Cisco SSL VPN klient (Remote Access) - používa Cisco AnyConnect VPN klient 49
49 Možnosti konfigurácie CLI CCP ASDM Cisco rodina 50
50 Cisco rodina Možnosti konfigurácie: CLI CCP ASDM 51
51 Cisco rodina CCP 52
52 Cisco rodina ASDM 53
53 Príklad konfigurácie cez CLI crypto isakmp policy 1 authentication pre-share encr aes 256 hash sha group 2 lifetime exit Cisco rodina crypto isakmp key TOP_SECRET_PASSWORD address crypto ipsec transform-set MENO esp-sha-hmac esp-aes 256 mode tunnel exit 54
54 Cisco rodina Príklad konfigurácie cez CLI ip access-list extended SDM_1 remark CCP_ACL Category=4 remark IPSec Rule permit ip log permit ip log exit crypto map SDM_CMAP_1 4 ipsec-isakmp description Apply the crypto map on the peer router's interface having IP address ip_adresa_peeru that connects to this router. set transform-set MENO set peer match address SDM_1 exit 55
55 Cisco rodina - Firewall Wizard klikačka na LEN 6 klikov 1/6 56
56 Cisco rodina - Firewall Wizard klikačka na LEN 6 klikov 2/6 57
57 Cisco rodina - Firewall Wizard klikačka na LEN 6 klikov 3/6 58
58 Cisco rodina - Firewall Wizard klikačka na LEN 6 klikov 4/6 59
59 Cisco rodina - Firewall Wizard klikačka na LEN 6 klikov 5/6 60
60 Cisco rodina - Firewall Wizard klikačka na LEN 6 klikov 6/6 61
61 Cisco rodina - Router Router wizard 62
62 Cisco rodina - Router Router wizard 63
63 Cisco rodina - Router Router wizard 64
64 Cisco rodina - Router Router wizard 65
65 Cisco rodina - Router Router wizard 66
66 Cisco rodina - Router Router wizard 67
67 Cisco rodina - Router Router wizard 68
68 Anyconnect klient Cisco rodina - SSL VPN 69
69 Anyconnect klient Cisco rodina - SSL VPN 70
70 Anyconnect klient Cisco rodina - SSL VPN 71
71 Anyconnect klient Cisco rodina - SSL VPN 72
72 Anyconnect klient Cisco rodina - SSL VPN 73
73 Anyconnect klient Cisco rodina - SSL VPN 74
74 Clientless SSL VPN Cisco rodina - SSL VPN 75
75 76
76 Palo Alto Next Generation Firewalls 77
77 Palo Alto Široký výber zariadení Preferované GUI Pravidelné obnovovanie licencie Širšie možnosti manažmentu 78
78 Palo Alto Wizard 79
79 Palo Alto Wizard 80
80 Palo Alto Wizard 81
81 Palo Alto Wizard 82
82 Palo Alto Wizard 83
83 Palo Alto Wizard 84
84 85
85 Juniper 86
86 Juniper Široké portfólio zariadení Rôzne sieťové zariadenia Pri postavení kompletnej infraštruktúry systém poskytuje široké možnosti 87
87 Juniper Wizard 88
88 Juniper Wizard 89
89 Juniper Wizard 90
90 Juniper Wizard 91
91 Juniper Wizard 92
92 Juniper Wizard 93
93 Juniper Wizard 94
94 95
95 Fortinet 96
96 Fortinet Zameranie hlavne na koncový firewall UTM funkcie LoadBalancer MTA LAN SW 97
97 Fortinet Wizard 98
98 Fortinet Wizard 99
99 Fortinet Wizard 100
100 Fortinet Wizard 101
101 Fortinet Wizard 102
102 Fortinet Wizard 103
103 Fortinet Wizard 104
104 Nástroje na troubleshooting Cisco debug mode Iné zariadenia logy Nástroje tretích strán 105
105 Ike-scan Nástroje na troubleshooting 106
106 Otázky a diskusia Ďakujem za pozornosť 107
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