NTNU The. rt Networks. 1.1: Explain. Norwegian
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1 NTNU The Norwegian Universityy of Science and Technology Department of Telematics TTM Access and Transpor rt Networks Exercise 2 Multiplexi ing - solution n. Task 1: Fundamental variants of multiplexing 1.1: Explain by use of text and sketches the principle of frequency division d multiplexing (FDM). Answer 1.1: Figure on the left show three different channels with their baseband spectra before translation. The multiplexed signal with frequencyy spacing B is shown in the right side figure. Figure below show one possible realization off an actual FDM multiplexer. A ring modulator is an electronic circuit that uses the baseband signal (= the information too be transported) to modulate a carrierr signal at the correct (target) frequency.
2 The demultiplexer is in this case very similar curriculum for a figure). (but inverse) to the multiplexerr (see the 1.2: What is Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)? Answer 1.2: Basically this is FDM for optical communication. Figure below illustrates that multiplexing and demultiplexing in this case can bee done by using passive splitters and combiners. The wavelengths to the left of the figure are either from differently tuned lasers or light diodes. We will return to this later in the course when we focus on optical communicac ation/networking. 1.3: What is the main difference between static and statistical timee division multiplexing (TDM)?
3 Answer 1.3: In static TDM each channell has access to a fixed time slot (position) in a frame structure which is repeated with a fixed period. Inn statistical TDM timee slots are allocated dynamically when needed to any channell with information available for transport. This also means that a frame structure is not necessary, but may be used anyway, for other reasons (e.g. for synchronization purposes, seee below). However in this case some addresss information must be added to each information unit since position in a periodic frame structure can no longer be used to identify the owner or intended recipient of the information. If ft K fk this is static TDM, if ft K fk this is statistical TDM. Task 2: Statistical multiplexing 2.1: Explain by use of text and sketches threee main types of statistical TDM variants. Answer 2.1: 1) Fixed information unit lengths and fixed frame structure?
4 A frame with a fixed number of available timeslots is repeated periodically. Channel number information is added to each fixed length information unit before transport in any available timeslot of the frame. Each frame starts with a frame lock word. 2) Fixed information unit lengths but not a fixed frame structure? Each fixed length timeslot (denoted( data in this case) contain both informationn unit and channel number (or some other identityy of the information unit). u Lock words are sent if no data is available for transport, but alsoo after a certain maximum number of data timeslots (= 6 above). 3) Variable informationn unit lengths (and no fixed frame structure) In this case the information unit may have an arbitrary length. Both channel number and a checksum taken over both channel number and actual user data, d is used. Flags are sent both before and after each information unit, and also continuouslyy when no informationn units are available for transport. The flag is a unique bit pattern not allowed a in any other part of the communication, e.g. the HDLC flag ( zero six ones o zero ). To avoid imitation of the flag, zero-insertion is used, see below. 2.2: How is synchronization maintained in the variant denoted Fixed information unit lengths and fixed frame structure? Answer 2.2: Synchronization by searching for a known bit pattern (= frame lock word) ) and then re-check that same pattern is there after 1 frame period, 2 frame periods and so on. This is necessary to avoid locking on to an imitation of the frame lock word in the data d part. After a certain number of identified sequential frame lock words, synchronization is assumed andd demultiplexing of received signal started. Frame lock words are continuously checked; if a certain number of
5 sequential wrong frame lock words are detected, loss of synchronization are assumed and initiation of a new bit level search for synchronism must be started. 2.3: How is synchronization maintained in the variant denoted Fixed information unit lengths but not a fixed frame structure? Answer 2.3: The frame lock word is constructed so imitations cannot happen in this case, by using an unused channel identity as part of the lock word. This unique frame lock word is transmitted continuously if no data is available to send, to keep receiver in synch with sender. If synch is lost a bit level search for the unique frame lock word must be done. 2.4: What about synchronization in the variant denoted Variable information unit lengths (and no fixed frame structure)? Answer 2.4: Synchronization in this case is based on the unique flag and zero-insertion in all other data. For HDLC this is done by adding a zero each time 5 ones are observed sent as part of user data. This extra zero is removed again at the receiver. However bit errors in the transmission may still lead to imitations of the flag in the user data. This is the reason why we also need to additionally use checksums. Bit level search for the unique flag and use of checksums for all information units is together enough to give full synchronization. 2.5: How do statistical multiplexers handle users with very different mean and (possibly) peak capacity needs? Answer 2.5: Statistical multiplexers are made for this situation. Unlike a static multiplexer where a fixed capacity (e.g. one time slot in each frame) is available and defines the peak capacity available for each user. Buffers are necessary to queue up information units available for transport in statistically based systems, but as long as they are well dimensioned (i.e. total capacity is enough to handle more than the sum of the mean rates from all sources) this works well and utilize resources much better than a static multiplexer where some time slots may be unused in some frames if the (fixed) sources do not have information to transport. Other sources may have information to transport but they must still wait for their time slots.
6 Task 3: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ( SDH) 3.1: Give a high-level textual description of the main parts of the SDH system.. Answer 3.1: The system is based on periodic isochronous transmission of a frame called a Synchronous Transport Module (STM). Different capacities are possible by combining multiple basic units (STM-1). In the basic STM-1, parts (column 1-9) of the STM is reserved for administrative (section) overhead (including pointer structures to data content), parts (column ) is available to carry Virtual Containers (VCs) which constitutes the actual user data (Container C) and some path overhead (POH) specific to this user data. A VC can contain many lower level VCs, following specificc combination rules as stated by a defined d multiplexing hierarchy. An example is shown in the figure f below, where three VC-3s are a carried by a STM : How are plesiochronous streams handledd when carried by an SDH system? Answer 3.2: Assuming that the three streams above streams (Answer 3.1) ) are plesiochronous, we need a mechanism to allow these to move slightly in time relative too each other, and relative to the transport module (STM). These three streams (VC-3s) originate from systems with different clocks and thus will have slightly different mean bitrates whenn observed over a very long time period. Thus we need to adjust dynamically their starting position inside the STM. This is done by adjusting the pointers to these VC-3s,, see line 4 above and figure f below.
7 In addition we need to sometimes eitherr transfer one octet of informationn a bit ahead of time for this clock adjustment to take place, or skip one octet of information. Which one off these are necessary depend on whetherr the rate off the plesiochronous signal is higher or lower than the rate of the STM. Columns 7 to 12 of line 4 is used for this purpose, as illustrated in the figure above. Since each VC-3 has dedicatedd pointers and positions for adjustment, they can be individually adjusted relative to the rate of the STM. Seee curriculumm for more detailed illustrations. 3.3: Networks using SDH systems are most often organized with w ring structures, to increase dependability/protection of connections. Explain by use of text and sketches how a unidirectional self-healing ring works. Answer 3.3: The principle of this type of protection iss shown below.
8 Each unidirectional connection (working line) has a defined back-up (protection line) in the opposite direction around the ring. Information is sent simultaneously on both. When a fiber (link) between two nodes is cut, the receiving node will detect loss of signal and immediately switch over to receive the back-up signal instead. This gives excellent protection and low loss of information (typically 50 milliseconds switch-over time).
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