IP addressing. Overview. IP addressing Issues and solution Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM)
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1 Overview IP addressing IP addressing Issues and solution Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) Written exercise : VLSM calculation Summarisation of routes Classless InterDomain routing (CIDR) Internet registry IP management procedure Written exercise : Route summarisation Objectives To be able to perform the following tasks: Use VLSM to extend the range of an IP address ddressing issues and solutions Calculate proper distribution of IP addresses within your network to avoid wastage of addresses Perform routes summarisation
2 IP addressing issues Exhaustion of IPv4 addresses Wasted address space in traditional subnetting Limited availability of /8 subnets address Internet routing table growth IP addressing solutions Subnet masking and summarisation Variable-length subnet mask definition Hierarchical addressing Classless InterDomain Routing (CIDR) Routes summarisation (RFC 1518) Size of the routing table due to higher number prefix announcement Tremendous growth of the Internet Private address usage (RFC 1918) Network address translation (NT) Development of IPv6 address Subnetting overview llows to create additional sub-networks by simply moving the network boundary to right When the contiguous 1s is added it indicates by how many bits the network portion will be extended ddressing Hierarchy Support for easy troubleshooting, upgrades and manageability of networks Performance optimisation Scalable and more stable Less network resources overhead (CPU, memory, buffers, bandwidth) The sub-network is calculated by the 2 n where n is the number of extended bits. Faster routing convergence
3 ddressing Hierarchy example Upstream ddressing Hierarchical (cont.) Upstream Network Number /16 order Upstream order Core /19 Core Core IXP IXP Distribution POP POP ccess Upstream IXP IXP Distribution/Core /21 Distribution ccess POP POP ccess ccess ccess/distribution /21 Variable Length Subnet Mask Calculating VLSM example llows the ability to have more than one subnet mask within a network llows re-subnetting Subnet /24 into smaller subnet create sub-subnet network address Increase the routes capability ddressing hierarchy Summarisation Subnet mask with /27 and /30 (point-to-point) / / / / / / / / /27
4 Calculating VLSM example (cont.) Subnet /24 into smaller subnet Subnet mask with /30 (point-to-point) Description Decimal inary Calculating VLSM example (cont.) Subnet /24 into smaller subnet Subnet mask with /27 Description Decimal inary Network ddress 1 st valid IP 2 nd valid IP / / /30 x.x.x x.x.x x.x.x Network ddress /27 Valid IP range x.x.x x.x.x x.x.x roadcast address /30 x.x.x roadcast address /30 x.x.x Calculating VLSM example (cont.) Subnet /24 into smaller subnet Subnet mask with /27 Description 1 st subnet 2 nd subnet 3 rd subnet 4 th subnet Decimal / / / /2 7 n = 5 (n is the remaining subnet bits ) 2n 5 = 30 host per subnet VSLM x.x.x.000 x.x.x.001 x.x.x.010 x.x.x.011 Host Host range Classful and classless Classful (Obsolete) Wasteful address architecture network boundaries are fixed at 8, 16 or 24 bits (class,, and C) Classless Efficient architecture est Current Practice network boundaries may occur at any bit (e.g. /12, /16, /19, /24 etc) CIDR Classless Inter Domain Routing architecture llows aggregation of routes within ISPs infrastructure RFC 1517 RFC 1518 RFC 1519
5 Classless & classful addressing Written exercise 2! 128 networks x 16M hosts C Classful 16K networks x 64K hosts 2M networks x 256 hosts Obsolete inefficient depletion of space too many routes from C space Classless * See back of slide booklet for complete chart est Current Practice ddresses Prefix Classful Net mask / / / / / / C /20 16 Cs /19 32 Cs /18 /17 /16 64 Cs 128 Cs * Network boundaries may occur at any bit Please answer the attached worksheet material in your student manual Objective To practice what you have learned Written exercise 2 VLSM computation! Route summarisation llows the presentation of a series of networks in a single summary address. Summarisation of routes dvantages of summarisation Faster convergence Reducing the size of the routing table Simplification Hiding Network Changes Isolate topology changes
6 Summarisation example Route summarisation Router C summarises its networks (2 x/24) before announcing to its neighbors (routers and D) Router combined the networks received from, C, D and announce it as single /16 routing to Internet Subnet /24 and /24 combining then to become a bigger block of address / / /20 Subnet Mask inary x.x x x.x x Summary /23 x.x x x.x x / / / /24 Network Internet C / /20 D Configuring summarisation Manual summarisation Manual configuration is required with the use of newer routing protocols Manual summarisation uses by OSPF are more sophisticated. Each of the routing protocols deal with it in a slightly different way ll routing protocols employ some level of automatic summarisation depending on the routing protocol behavior (be cautious about it) Sends the subnet mask including the routing update which allows the use of VLSM and summarisation Performs a lookup to check the entire database and acts on the longest match
7 Discontiguous networks network not using routing protocol that support VLSM creates problem Router will not know where to send the traffic Creates routing loop or duplication Summarisation is not advisable to network that are discontiguous Discontiguous network In classful routing those subnets are not advertised to different part of the network because of the automatic bit boundary assumptions Those network subnets are not visible to each other Frame Relay Turn off summarisation lternative solution but understand the scaling limitation Find ways to re-address the network Can create disastrous situation IP datagram D= S= C Router C Routing Table Network Next Hop Outgoing ?????????? Prefix routing / CIDR Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) Prefix routing commonly known as classless inter domain routing (CIDR) It allows prefix routing and summarisation with the routing tables of the Internet RFCs that talks about CIDR RFC 1517 pplicability statement for the implementation of CIDR RFC 1518 rchitecture for IP address allocation with CIDR RFC 1519 CIDR : an address assignment and aggregation strategy RFC 1520 Exchanging routing information access provider boundaries in a CIDR environment
8 CIDR solution advantage CIDR offers the advantages reducing the routing table size of the network by summarising the ISP announcement in a single /21 advertisement Internet Registry Procedures / / / / /24 C /20 IP ddress Management /21 Internet / /24 D Revision of routing protocols Principles of addressing Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Separate customer & infrastructure address pools Examples are OSPF, EIGRP, ISIS Used to find optimum route to a host in ISP network Convergence becomes important with scaling order Gateway Protocol (GP) Can be interior (igp) and exterior (egp) Used to carry traffic across your network and to/from the Internet Can use GP attributes for routing policy Manageability Different personnel manage infrastructure and assignments to customers Scalability Easier renumbering - customers are difficult, infrastructure is relatively easy
9 Principles of addressing Further separate infrastructure Static infrastructure examples RS server address pools, CMTS Virtual web and content hosting LNs nything where there is no dynamic route calculation Customer networks Carry in igp, do not put in IGP - No need to aggregate address space carried in igp - Can carry in excess of 100K prefixes Hierarchy of routing protocols ISP Internal Network FDDI egp Other ISPs GP4 (igp) & OSPF/ISIS Local NP GP4 (egp) Customers Static/eGP Management - simple network First allocation from PNIC Infrastructure is known, customers are not 20% free is trigger for next request Management - simple network If second allocation is contiguous 1st allocation 2nd allocation Customers Infrastructure Infrastructure 20% Customers Customers 20% Infrastructure Grow usage of blocks from edges ssign customers sequentially p 2 p loops Reverse order of division of first block Maximise contiguous space for infrastructure Easier for debugging Customer networks can be discontiguous
10 Management - many POPs WN link to single transit ISP Management - many POPs POP sizes Choose address pool for each POP according to need POP1 Customer Infrastructure POP2 Server POP3 Loopback addresses Keep together in one block ssists in fault-resolution Customer addresses ssign sequentially POP 1 POP2 loopbacks Management - many POPs /21 minimum allocation not enough for all your POPs? Deploy addresses on infrastructure first Common mistake: Reserving customer addresses on a per POP basis Management - multiple exits WN links to different ISPs POP1 Do not constrain network plans due to lack of address space Re-apply once address space has been used POP2 Server POP3
11 Management - multiple exits Create a national infrastructure pool National Infrastructure 20% free Carry in IGP POP1 POP2 POP3 Eg. loopbacks, p2p links, infrastructure connecting routers and hosts which are multiply connected On a per POP basis Consider separate memberships if requirement for each POP is very large from day one. Written exercise 3! Please answer the attached worksheet material in your student manual Objective To practice what you have learned Written exercise 3 Route summarisation! Questions?
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