1.0 PERKHIDMATAN RANGKAIAN (CLO 1)

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1 1.0 PERKHIDMATAN RANGKAIAN (CLO 1) SSK 3023 PENTADBIRAN RANGKAIAN VERSI KKBD MAC 2017

2 KEHENDAK SILIBUS 1.1 Menerangkan tentang konsep rangkaian : a. Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) b. Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) 1.2 Menerangkan lapisan Model OSI dan fungsi, protokol dan perkakasan setiap lapisan : a. Application Layer b. Presentation Layer c. Session Layer d. Transport Layer e. Network Layer f. Data Link Layer g. Physical Layer 1.3 Menerangkan lapisan Model TCP/IP dan fungsi, protokol dan perkakasan setiap lapisan : a. Application Layer b. Transport Layer c. Internet Layer d. Network Access Layer 1.4 Menerangkan perbezaan Model OSI dengan Model TCP/IP 1.5 Menerangkan nombor port yang digunakan untuk komunikasi client/server yang berbeza seperti : a. HTTP b. HTTPS c. FTP d. POP3 e. SMTP f. DNS Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

3 WHAT IS A NETWORKING Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

4 HUB, SWITCH AND ROUTER Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) Diagram di atas merupakan lapisan 7 OSI bagi Open System Interconnected yang digunakan di dalam operasi protokol penghantaran

5 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) Diagram di atas merupakan lapisan 7 OSI bagi Open System Interconnected yang digunakan di dalam operasi protokol penghantaran dan penerimaan mesej Aplikasi OSI ini terbahagi kepada 2 bahagian iaitu Aplikasi dan Pengangkutan Data (Transport) Pengangkutan Data Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

6 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI)- THE PDU S User data is passed from layer to layer Control information is added/removed to/from user data at each layer Header (and sometimes trailer) each layer has a different header/trailer Data + header + trailer = PDU (Protocol Data Unit) This is basically what we call packet each layer has a different PDU Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

7 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

8 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

Asas komunikasi menggunakan kombinasi bit (0 dan 1) dan bergerak dari satu node (PC atau

9 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN PERTAMA PHYSICAL LAYER Lapisan paling asas dalam sesebuah rangkaian. Asas komunikasi menggunakan kombinasi bit (0 dan 1) dan bergerak dari satu node (PC atau peranti komunikasi lain) ke node yang lain. Lapisan ini juga mendefinisikan bagaimana NIC (Network Interface Card) dapat berinteraksi dengan media kabel atau radio. 9

Pada level ini terjadinya flow control, pengalamatan MAC (Media Access Control Address).

10 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KEDUA DATA LINK LAYER Kerangka kombinasi bit dan bergerak dari satu hop (perhentian sesebuah node) ke hop yang lain. Berfungsi untuk menentukan bagaimana bit bit data disatukan menjadi format yang disebut sebagai frame. Pada level ini terjadinya flow control, pengalamatan MAC (Media Access Control Address). Menentukan bagaimana perkakasan rangkaian seperti bridge dan switch beroperasi. Spesifikasi IEEE 802, membahagi lapisan ini menjadi 2 iaitu lapisan Logical Link Control (LLC) dan lapisan Media Access Control (MAC) 10

Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KEDUA DATA LINK LAYER LLC (Logical Link Control) Membuat sambungan dengan lapisan atas Membingkaikan (frame) paket lapisan Network.

11 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KEDUA DATA LINK LAYER LLC (Logical Link Control) Membuat sambungan dengan lapisan atas Membingkaikan (frame) paket lapisan Network. Mengenal pasti protokol lapisan Network. Menggunakan IEEE standard Media Access Control (MAC) Data encapsulation merangkumi himpunan frame sebelum penghantaran data, lapisan link data (MAC), pengesanan ralat. Dikawal oleh (CSMA/CD) Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Detection 11

Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KETIGA NETWORK LAYER Kombinasi beberapa kerangka dalam sesebuah paket (packet) dan berkomunikasi antara source host dan

12 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KETIGA NETWORK LAYER Kombinasi beberapa kerangka dalam sesebuah paket (packet) dan berkomunikasi antara source host dan destination host. Berfungsi untuk mendefinisikan alamat IP, membuat header untuk paket- paket dan melakukan routing melalui internetworking dengan menggunakan router dan switch layer 3 12

13 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KEEMPAT TRANSPORT LAYER Berfungsi untuk memecah data ke dalam paket-paket data serta memberikan nombor urutan ke paketpaket tersebut sehingga dapat disusun kembali pada sisi tujuan setelah diterima. membuat satu tanda bahawa paket diterima dengan berjaya (acknowledgement), dan mentransmisikan ulang terhadap paket-paket yang hilang di tengah jalan. 13

14 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) TCP AND UDP UDP TCP LAPISAN KEEMPAT TRANSPORT LAYER The User Datagram Datagram Protocol Protocol (UDP) is called a connectionless, unreliable transport protocol. It does not add anything anything to the services services of IP except to provide provide process process-to-process process communication communication instead instead of host-to host communication communication. Low-level, connectionless No reliability guarantee Connectionless services TCP is a connection-oriented protocol; it creates a virtual virtual connection connection between two TCPs to send data. In addition, TCP uses flow and error control mechanisms at the transport level. Connection-oriented Not as efficient as UDP 14

15 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) TCP TCP Connection oriented Explicit set-up and tear-down of TCP session Stream-of-bytes service Sends and receives a stream of bytes, not messages Reliable, in-order delivery Checksums to detect corrupted data Acknowledgments & retransmissions for reliable delivery Sequence numbers to detect losses and reorder data Flow control Prevent overflow of the receiver s buffer space Congestion control Adapt to network congestion for the greater good Three-way handshake to establish connection Host A sends a SYN (open) to the host B Host B returns a SYN acknowledgment (SYN ACK) Host A sends an ACK to acknowledge the SYN ACK 15

16 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) TCP TCP application examples When to use TCP: When an application need a reliable transport Examples File Transfer Protocol : FTP (21) Secure Shell: SSH (22) Teletype Network: TELNET (23) Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: SMTP (25) Hypertext Transfer Protocol: HTTP (80) Three-way handshake to establish connection Host A sends a SYN (open) to the host B Host B returns a SYN acknowledgment (SYN ACK) Host A sends an ACK to acknowledge the SYN ACK 16

17 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) TCP 17

18 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) UDP UDP provides an unreliable datagram service Packets may be lost or delivered out of order Message split into datagrams, user sends datagrams as packets on network layer No buffer at either sending or receiving side Unreliable but fast Full duplex Application must deal with lost packets When to use UDP Reduce the requirement of computer resources The checking scheme has provided completely by the application program When using the Multicast or Broadcast to transfer The transmission of Real-time packets Examples Trivial File Transfer Protocol,TFTP Simple Network Management Protocol,SNMP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol,DHCP Domain Name System,DNS Routing Information Protocol,RIP Real-Time Transport Protocol,RTP

19 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) UDP

20 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) UDP Why Would Anyone Use UDP? Finer control over what data is sent and when As soon as an application process writes into the socket UDP will package the data and send the packet No delay for connection establishment UDP just blasts away without any formal preliminaries which avoids introducing any unnecessary delays No connection state No allocation of buffers, parameters, sequence #s, etc. making it easier to handle many active clients at once Small packet header overhead UDP header is only eight-bytes long Popular Applications That Use UDP Multimedia streaming Retransmitting lost/corrupted packets is not worthwhile By the time the packet is retransmitted, it s too late E.g., telephone calls, video conferencing, gaming Simple query protocols like Domain Name System Overhead of connection establishment is overkill Easier to have application retransmit if needed Address for

21 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) TCP VS UDP 21

22 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) TCP VS UDP 22

Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KELIMA SESSION LAYER Lapisan ini bertugas untuk mentakrifkan bila untuk memulakan,menamatkan dan juga mengawal perhubungan komunikasi yang dipanggil

23 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KELIMA SESSION LAYER Lapisan ini bertugas untuk mentakrifkan bila untuk memulakan,menamatkan dan juga mengawal perhubungan komunikasi yang dipanggil "session". Ini termasuklah kawalan dan pengurusan perhubungan komunikasi dua hala supaya aplikasi tahu sama ada ia telah sempurna atau belum. membenarkan pengguna untuk membuat session mengisytihar, mengurus dan memadam segala komunikasi dalam rangkaian. 23

Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KEENAM PRESENTATION LAYER Berfungsi untuk menterjemah dan mengenkripsi maklumat atau data yang dihantar dari sebuah PC ke PC yang lain contohnya

24 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KEENAM PRESENTATION LAYER Berfungsi untuk menterjemah dan mengenkripsi maklumat atau data yang dihantar dari sebuah PC ke PC yang lain contohnya menterjemahkan format data JPEG, GIF dan sebagainya. Encryption, decryption, compression dan decompression juga berlaku di lapisan ini. Secara amnya semua kerja-kerja terjemahan dilakukan pada 24

25 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) LAPISAN KETUJUH APPLICATION LAYER Layer ini bertanggung jawab atas pertukaran informasi antara program komputer, dan service lain yang jalan di jaringan, seperti server printer atau aplikasi komputer lainnya. Lapisan ini juga menyediakan jasa untuk aplikasi pengguna. Contoh , Web Browser dan lain lainnya. 25

26 Model Open System Interconnect (OSI) - PROTOCOLS 26

Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Standard komunikasi data yang digunakan di dalam jaringan antara satu komputer dengan satu komputer lain untuk berhubung 4 lapisan TCP /

27 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Standard komunikasi data yang digunakan di dalam jaringan antara satu komputer dengan satu komputer lain untuk berhubung 4 lapisan TCP / IP Lapisan Aplikasi (Lapisan OSI: Application & Presentation & Session) Lapisan penghantaran (Lapisan OSI: Transport) Lapisan internet (Lapisan OSI: Network) Lapisan Media Rangkaian(Lapisan OSI : Data Link & physical) 27

28 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Memberikan servis kepada pengguna jaringan seperti telnet, FTP, HTTP, SNMP dah sebagainya Berfungsi untuk mewujudkan komunikasi antara dua komputer (melibatkan TCP dan UDP) Bertanggungjawab dalam proses pengiriman data ke alamat yang tepat, routing datagram ke remote host Berfungsi menyediakan sistem untuk mengirim dan menerima data dari fizikal media 28

29 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) TCP/IP reference model does not discuss these layers too much the node should connect to the network with a protocol such that it can send IP packets this protocol is not defined by TCP/IP mostly in hardware a well known example is Ethernet 29

they may not arrive (if there is a problem in the network) o they may arrive out of order a design decision enforced by DoD to make

30 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Connectionless, point to point internetworking protocol (uses the datagram approach) takes care of routing across multiple networks each packet travels in the network independently of each other o they may not arrive (if there is a problem in the network) o they may arrive out of order a design decision enforced by DoD to make the system more flexible and responsive to loss of some subnet devices Implemented in end systems and routers as the Internet Protocol (IP) 30

31 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) End-to-end data transfer Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) connection oriented reliable delivery of data ordering of delivery User Datagram Protocol (UDP) connectionless service delivery is not guaranteed Can you give example applications that use TCP and UDP? 31

32 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) UDP Anything where you don't care too much if you get all data always Tunneling/VPN (lost packets are ok - the tunneled protocol takes care of it) Media streaming (lost frames are ok) Games that don't care if you get every update Local broadcast mechanisms (same ) application running on different machines "discovering" each other World Wide Web(HTTP) (SMTP TCP) File Transfer Protocol (FTP) Secure Shell (SSH) TCP Almost anything where you have to get all transmitted data Web SSH, FTP, telnet SMTP, sending mail IMAP/POP, receiving mail Domain Name System (DNS) Streaming media applications such as movies Online multiplayer games Voice over IP (VoIP) Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 32

33 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Support for user applications A separate module for each different application e.g. HTTP, SMTP, telnet 33

34 Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) - PROTOCOLS 34

35 OSI VS TCP/IP- HISTORY OSI The Open Systems Interconnection, or OSI, model is a standard reference model created by the International Organization for Standardization to describe how the different software and hardware components involved in a network communication should divide labor and interact with one another. It defines a seven-layer set of functional elements, ranging from the physical interconnections at Layer 1 -- also known as the physical layer, or PHY interface -- all the way up to Layer 7, the application layer. TCP/IP Separately from the OSI model, TCP and IP are two of the network standards that define the internet. IP defines how computers can get data to each other over a routed, interconnected set of networks. TCP defines how applications can create reliable channels of communication across a network. IP basically defines addressing and routing, while TCP defines how to have a conversation across the link without garbling or losing data. TCP/IP grew out of research by the U.S. Department of Defense and is based on a loose, rather than strict, approach to network layering. 35

36 OSI VS TCP/IP MAJOR DIFFRENCES Contain 7 layers OSI Uses Strict Layer resulting in vertical layers Supports both connectionless & connection-oriented communication in the Network Layer, but only connectionoriented communication in Transport layer Protocols are better hidden and can be replaced relatively easily as technology changes (no transparency) Contain 4 layers TCP/IP Users Loose Layering resulting in horizontal layers Supports only connectionless communication on the Network Layer, but both connectionless & connection oriented communication in Transport Layer Protocols are not hidden and thus cannot be replaced easily (transparency ) 36

PORT NUMBER 80- HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) Digunakan dalam aplikasi web 443- HTTPS ~ also called HTTP over TLS, HTTP over SSL, and HTTP Secure) is a protocol for secure communication over a

37 PORT NUMBER 80- HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) Digunakan dalam aplikasi web 443- HTTPS ~ also called HTTP over TLS, HTTP over SSL, and HTTP Secure) is a protocol for secure communication over a computer network which is widely used on the Internet POP3 (Post Office Protocol) ~ Incoming Messages Digunakan untuk menguruskan 25- SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) ~ Outgoing Messages Digunakan untuk menguruskan 53- DNS (Domain Name Services) Perkhidmatan Domain (File Transfer Protocol) Download dan Upload fail di internet 21- FTP 23- Telnet Terminal untuk melaksanakan arahan di dalam server Sage-Fox.com Free PowerPoint Temp

38 REFERENCES MODUL SKS 3114 PENTADBIRAN RANGKAIAN JPKK MODUL SKS 3114 PENTADBIRAN RANGKAIAN KKBD VERSI JULAI 2016 WIKI SEARCHNETWORKING.TECHTARGET WEBOPEDIA TECHOPEDIA

3.0 PERKHIDMATAN RANGKAIAN

3.0 PERKHIDMATAN RANGKAIAN SSK 2023 ASAS KOMUNIKASI DAN RANGKAIAN Minggu ke- 7 KEHENDAK SILIBUS 1.3 Menerangkan lapisan Model TCP/IP dan fungsi, protokol dan perkakasan setiap lapisan : a. Application