Fixed Internetworking Protocols and Networks. IP mobility. Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen Aarhus School of Engineering
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1 Fixed Internetworking Protocols and Networks IP mobility Rune Hylsberg Jacobsen Aarhus School of Engineering ITIFN
2 Mobile computing Vision Seamless, ubiquitous network access for mobile hosts Laptop computers PDAs Electronic books Smart objects Impacts: Tourism (electronic tour guides) Field research Collaborative applications Machines to machine communication Lots more ITIFN
3 Naïve options 1. Modify host IP address: This may imply a reboot of network services and loss of connections (transport layer) 2. Propagation of host-based routing information Required routing table of size equal to the number of hosts on the Internet. Mobile IP is a method and a standard that enables mobility at the network layer ITIFN
4 Why mobile IP? Need a protocol which allows network connectivity across host movement. Protocols to enable mobility must not require massive changes to router software, etc. Must be compatible with large installed base of IPv4 networks/hosts. Confine changes to mobile hosts and a few support nodes which enable mobility ITIFN
5 Outline of the lecture IP routing breaks under mobility Mobile IP basics Move detection and registration Protocol messages Route optimization Mobile IPv6 Mobile IP and security ITIFN
6 Traditional routing A routing protocol sets up a routing table in routers. Route table at 1 Destination Next hop Routing protocols are typically based on distance vector or link-state algorithms ITIFN
7 Routing and mobility Issues with finding a path from a source to a destination Frequent route changes amount of data transferred between route changes may be much smaller than traditional networks. Route changes may be related to host movement. Route propagation over low bandwidth links. Goal of routing protocols decrease routing-related overhead. find short routes. find stable routes (despite mobility) ITIFN
8 Mobility and standard IP routing IP assumes end hosts are in fixed physical locations What happens if we move a host between networks? IP addresses enable IP routing algorithms to get packets to the correct network Each IP address has network part and host part This keeps host specific information away of routers. Stateful autoconfiguration (e.g. DHCP) is used to get packets to end hosts in networks This still assumes a fixed end host. What if a user wants to roam between networks? Mobile users don t want to know that they are moving between networks Why can t mobile users change IP when running an application? ITIFN
9 IP routing breaks under mobility / Internet Where will traffic to the host go? /24 Mobile IP allows a mobile host to move about without changing its permanent IP address ITIFN
10 Mobile IP basics (1) Protocol standard proposed and developed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) Mobility for IPv4 (mip4) and Mobility for IPv6 (mip6) groups Each mobile host has a home agent on its home network. Mobile host establishes a care-of address when it's away from home. Transparent to applications and transport protocols Assumption: mobile host has a permanent address. Host keeps address when moving. Interoperability with IPv4 standard; integrated solution with IPv6. A scalable solution for macro mobility (possibility of working outside of home network). Security, authentication of mobile hosts when outside home network is a challenge ITIFN
11 Mobile IP basics (2) Correspondent node is a host that wants to send packets to the mobile host. Correspondent host sends packets to the mobile host s IP permanent address. These packets are routed to the mobile host s home network. Home agent forwards IP packets for mobile host to current care-of address. Mobile host sends packets directly to correspondent, using permanent home IP as source IP address. RFC 3220: Mobile IPv4 RFC 3775: Mobile IPv ITIFN
12 Terminology Mobile Node (MN) The entity that may change its point of attachment from network to network in the Internet. Home Agent (HA) This is router with additional functionality. Foreign Agent (FA) Another router with enhanced functionality. Care-of address (COA) Address which identifies MN s current location. Correspondent Node (CN) End host to which MN is corresponding (e.g. a web server). Binding is the association of the home address with a care-of address ITIFN
13 Overview of the approach (1) Mobile host has a home address Home network Home agent must implement new functionalities Other hosts send packets to home address Mobile host appears as always having home address Home network /16 Corresponding node (sending) Foreign network /24.3 HA Home agent Internet FA.6 Foreign agent ( ) ITIFN
14 Overview of the approach (2) A foreign agent often present (unless IPv6) Special router in network where mobile host has temporarily moved (foreign network). Home and foreign agents periodically send message to announce their presence to mobile hosts. These messages can be sent upon request of mobile host Home network /16 Corresponding node (sending) Foreign network /24.3 HA Home agent Internet FA.6 Foreign agent ( ) ITIFN
15 Mobile IP support services Agent Discovery HA s and FA s broadcast their presence on each network to which they are attached Beacon messages via ICMP Router Discovery Protocol. MN s listen for advertisement and then initiate registration. Registration When the MN is away, it registers its COA with its HA Typically through the FA with strongest signal (multi-fa scenario) Registration control messages are sent via UDP to well known port. Encapsulation just like standard IP only with COA. Decapsulation again, just like standard IP ITIFN
16 Move detection Discover of a new network or of home network (when returning). Techniques similar to those used in cellular networks. Dedicated nodes of the network (often foreign agents themselves) periodically announce their presence to transit mobile nodes. Every mobile node receiving announcement from foreign agent starts a timer. Assume loss of connectivity if timer expires before new announcement. If announcements received from another agent before time expiry try to register by this agent ITIFN
17 Mobility agent advertisement Uses ICMP router discovery (RFC 1256) Periodically sent by /foreign agent. Can be solicited with ICMP router solicitation. Mobility extensions of ICMP router discovery. Recognized by different (larger) length of ICMP message ITIFN
18 Mobility agent advertisement Lifetime: max. time to accept registration requests Sequence number: allows to match requests with replies Code: Bit Meaning 0 Registration with an agent is required; co-located care-of addressing is not permitted. 1 The agent is busy and is not accepting registrations 2 Agent function as a home agent 3 Agent functions as a foreign agent 4 Agent uses minimal encapsulation 5 Agent uses GRE-style encapsulation 6 Agent supports header compression when communicating with mobile. 7 Unused (must be zero) ITIFN
19 Tunneling: IP-in-IP encapsulation IP-in-IP encapsulation Used to tunnel between HA and FA ver. IHL TOS length IP identification flags fragment offset TTL IP-in-IP IP checksum IP address of HA Care-of address COA ver. IHL TOS length IP identification flags fragment offset TTL lay. 4 prot. IP checksum IP address of CN IP address of MN TCP/UDP/... payload Generic routing encapsulation (GRE) tunneling adds a few extra features to the basic IP-in-IP encapsulation e.g. Keep alive ITIFN
20 Care-of address (COA) Whenever a mobile host connects to a remote network, it has two choices: 1. care-of can be the address of a foreign agent on the remote network foreign agent delivers packets forwarded from home agent to mobile host. 2. care-of can be a temporary, foreign IP address obtained through, e.g., DHCP home agent tunnels packets directly to the temporary IP address. Regardless, care-of address must be registered with home agent ITIFN
21 Address/Care-of-address (1) A foreign agent must be present in the case Mobile host registers by foreign agent Mobile host obtains a care-of address This address belongs to the foreign agent Home network /16 Corresponding node (sending) Foreign network /24.3 HA Home agent Internet FA.6 Foreign agent Register COA ( ) ITIFN
22 Address/Care-of address (2) Foreign network has no foreign agent Host uses DHCP to obtain temporary co-located address Pool of addresses reserved to mobile hosts. Host registers directly with the home agent Host manages mobility directly. Home network /16 Sending host Foreign network /24 Co-located address DHCP server Home agent Internet.3 HA.6 REGISTER ( ) ITIFN
23 Registration procedure (summary) Host uses a care-of address: Registration by foreign agent. Foreign agent forwards registration to home agent. Host knows address of own home agent. Communication between host and foreign agent at link level. Host uses co-located address Direct registration by home agent unless Foreign agent present R bit is 1 (Registration Required) in mobility agent advertisement This option is used fore security and account purposes In this case foreign agent is note used to assign a care-of-address ITIFN
24 Registration messages (1) Communication over UDP (port 434) Type: request or reply. Lifetime: Care-of address maintain in binding-cache until Lifetime expires ITIFN
25 Registration messages (2) Address fields: Mobile host s home address, address of mobile hosts s home agent, address at foreign network is used of tunneling. Identification: used to match request to replies Flags: options in communication with home agent. Bit Meaning 0 This is a simultaneous (additional) address rather than a replacement. 1 Mobile requests home agent to tunnel a copy of each broadcast datagram 2 Mobile is using a co-located care-of address and will decapsulate datagrams itself 3 Mobile requests agent to use minimal encapsulation 4 Mobile requests agent to use GRE encapsulation 5 Mobile requests header compression 6-7 Reserved (must be zero) ITIFN
26 Tables maintained on routers Mobility Binding Table Maintained on HA. Maps MN s home address with its current COA. Visitor list Maintained on FA serving an MN. Maps MN s home address to its MAC address and the HA address ITIFN
27 Packet receipt Host A sends packet to mobile host B in foreign network A sends packet to B s home agent Tunnel between home agent and foreign agent (or host, if colocated address) Host A /24 1. Host A sends datagram to B ( ) routed to the /24 network. (1) 4. Mobile Node B replies to A using standard routing (4) /24 (2) (3) /24 Mobile Node B (c/o ) 3. Foreign Agent detunnels datagram and forwards to mobile node 2. Home agent intercept datagram and tunnels to B s care-of address ITIFN
28 Packet receipt problems Host A belongs to same home network as B In this case, packet normally directly delivered at link layer and not read by routers (and therefore home agent) B home networks contains other routers besides home agent B belongs to subnet /24 while home agent for network 10.0/16 belongs to subnet /24 R9 routes packets destined at B /24 A Corresponding node (sending) Foreign network /24 Home network / ITIFN R9.3 HA Home agent Internet FA.6 Foreign agent B ( )
29 Packet receipt - Solution: ARP proxy Home agent associates B s IP address to own physical interface towards internal network Home agent sends ARP message (gratuitous ARP) with this association when B registers by foreign agent In this way, ARP caches possible containing associations for B s IP address are updated /24 A Corresponding node (sending) Foreign network /24 Home network / ITIFN R9.3 HA Home agent Internet FA.6 Foreign agent B ( )
30 Routing Routing to mobile host traverses home agent Very inefficient if the sending host is close to mobile node Triangle routing problem Host A Mobile Node B (c/o ) / / / ITIFN
31 Route optimizations Possible Solution: But Home agent sends current care-of address to correspondent host Correspondent host caches care-of address Future packets tunneled directly to care-of address An instance of the cache consistency problem arises... Cached care-of address becomes stale when the mobile host moves Potential security issues with providing care-of address to correspondent (ask me about this when we talk about security!) ITIFN
32 Possible Route Optimization S FA1 M S FA1 M Binding update HA HA Sending the first packet To a mobile host Sending subsequent packets to a mobile host S Binding update Binding warning HA FA1 FA2 M M S Binding update HA FA1 FA2 M M Sending the first packet After a mobile host move Tunneling the packet in case the cache entry has been dropped ITIFN
33 Mobile IPv4 versus mobile IPv6 No FA in Mobile IPv6! MNs can function in any location without the services of any special router in that location but requires every MN to support IPv6 Decapsulation, address autoconfiguration, and Neighbor Discovery. Route optimization is a fundamental part of Mobile IPv6 Mobile IPv4 it is an optional set of extensions that may not be supported by all nodes. Relevant features of IPv6 Use of Extension Headers New Mobility extension header (RFC 6275). Routing header (for route optimization). Destination Options header (for mobile node originated datagrams) ITIFN 33
34 Mobile IPv6 Routing through HA ITIFN
35 Mobile IPv6 Route optimization ITIFN
36 Loose source routing with IPv6 With IPv6 the delivery forwarding options has moved to the extension headers. IPv6 Router header IPv6 source nodes can use the routing header to specify a loose source route: A list of intermediate destinations for the packet to travel to on its path to the final destination. Most packets sent to a mobile node while away from home in Mobile IPv6 are sent using the routing header rather than IP encapsulation, reducing the amount of resulting overhead compared to Mobile IPv ITIFN
37 Mobile IP handover performance Real-time services are sensitive to mobile IP delays. Mobile IP delays DO affect non-real-time services as well. Results would be worse if we considered Route Optimization ITIFN
38 Security concerns in mobile IP Insider attacks Usually involve a person gaining access to sensitive data Access control and encryption Denial of service attack A Bad Guy generates a bogus Registration Request specifying his own IP address as the care-of address for a MN and hence intercepts traffic from the CN. Authentication of registration messages Replay attack A Bad Guy obtain a copy of a Registration Request and replay it at a later time, thereby registering a bogus care-of address for the MN intelligent use of Identification protocol field These threats have been dealt with in mobile IP ITIFN
39 Other security issues Traffic tunneling from home agent to mobile host at corresponding care-of address. ARP not authenticated. Communication between foreign and home agent must be secure. Firewalls: Problems since they filter packets according to specific rules Registration messages use UDP. Transparency: different opinions about survival of TCP connections during mobility hosts ITIFN
40 Summary Discussed the concept of mobility and seen a way to deal with it at the IP layer Looked into the protocol mechanism for Mobile IPv4 as well as IPv6. New node concepts introduced: MN, HA, FA, CN. Explored the basic protocol mechanisms of mobile IP Router discovery, Registration messages, Binding updates etc. New challenges: Triangular routing. Robustness, efficiency and security ITIFN
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