Introduction to Routing

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Introduction to Routing"

Transcription

1 1 Introduction to Routing Session 2 Presentation_ID.scr 1

2 Agenda Addressing Concepts Routing Protocols Statics and Defaults 3 ISO OSI Reference Model Routing Information Protocol (RIP and RIPv2) L7 L6 L5 L4 L3 L2 L1 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Layer Data Link Control Physical Layer Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) Protocol NetWare Link Services Protocol (NLSP) Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS) Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) 4 Presentation_ID.scr 2

3 Router Functions Routing = building maps and giving directions Switching = moving packets between interfaces Routers are packet switches Path determination is overhead 5 Introduction to IP Addresses UNIX Host Internet TCP/IP UNIX Host Company A Company B Unique addressing allows communication between end stations Path choice is based on location Location is represented by an address 6 Presentation_ID.scr 3

4 IP Addressing 32 Bits Network Host 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits IP Address Classes Class A: Class B: Class C: N H H H N N H H N N N H Class D: for multicast N = Network number assigned by NIC H = Host number assigned by network administrator 8 Presentation_ID.scr 4

5 Host Addresses E0 E IP: IP: Routing Table Network Host Network Interface E0 E1 9 Subnet Addressing E0 E IP: IP: Routing Table Network 2. Subnet. 160 Host Network Interface E0 E1 10 Presentation_ID.scr 5

6 Subnet Mask Network Host IP Address Default Subnet Mask 8-bit Subnet Mask Network Host Network Subnet Host Use Host Bits, Starting at the High Order Bit Position 11 Discontiguous IP Subnet Where Is ? A B C 12 Presentation_ID.scr 6

7 Variable Length Subnet Mask A B Conserve IP addresses C IPX Addressing 80 Bits Network Node 32 Bits 48 Bits 000C 15C Presentation_ID.scr 7

8 Address Configuration Router (config-if) # ip address ip-address subnet-mask Assigns an address and subnet mask Starts IP processing on an interface ipx network network Assigns a network number Starts IPX processing on an interface Must have ipx routing configured 15 Classless Prefix Notation /16 versus Summarizable blocks of subnets / / / / / / / / /21 16 Presentation_ID.scr 8

9 IP Address Configuration Router (config) # ip netmask-format {bitcount decimal hexadecimal} Sets format of network mask as seen in show commands bitcount /24 decimal hexadecimal xFFFFFF00 17 Agenda Addressing Concepts Routing Protocols Statics and Defaults 18 Presentation_ID.scr 9

10 Convergence Time required for router to identify and use an alternate path Dependent on timer values and algorithm Difficult to predict precisely x 19 Load Balancing T1 R2 T1 N1 N2 R1 T1 R3 T1 R4 Equal cost paths Rapid failover 20 Presentation_ID.scr 10

11 Load Balancing R2 768K N1 N2 R1 512K R3 T1 R4 Unequal cost paths 21 Holddown I Will Ignore Routes to X While in Holddown x Sets minimum convergence time Prevents routing loops 22 Presentation_ID.scr 11

12 Routing Loop: A Routing Disagreement Packets for Network X Packets do not get to the destination Temporary traffic surge until convergence 23 Split Horizon Do not send routing data back in the direction from which it came 24 Presentation_ID.scr 12

13 Split Horizon Frame Relay Network D 1 PVC A D PVC B S0 PVC C 25 Turn off Split Horizon D Frame Relay Network A 2 B 2 C 2 PVC D 1 PVC A A 1,3 B 2 C 2 D 2 B S0 PVC C 26 Presentation_ID.scr 13

14 Split Horizon Frame Relay Network S0.1 B 2 C 2 D 1 PVC A D PVC B S0.3 A 2 B 2 D 1 PVC C 27 Metrics (Cost) Numeric value used to choose among paths RIP/RIPv2 is hop count and ticks (IPX) OSPF/ISIS is interface cost (bandwidth) (E)IGRP is compound BGP can be complicated Path determination depends on metric 28 Presentation_ID.scr 14

15 Agenda Addressing Concepts Routing Protocols Statics and Defaults 29 Routing Table One Forwarding Table Per Protocol (IP, IPX) Network # Interface Next Hop Metric Age Source Ethernet [170/304793] 02:03:50 D Ethernet0 Ethernet [110/9936] 02:03:50 O [120/3] 00:00:20 R Ethernet0 C 30 Presentation_ID.scr 15

16 Building the Routing Table Hardware state Dynamic Routes are learned from a protocol Static Routes are manually defined 31 Routing Protocols A B C I Know About: Network A Network B Network C Routing Update Exchanges Network Knowledge I Know About: Network X Network Y Network Z X Y Z Routers are packet switches that forward traffic based on layer 3 logical addresses Routing protocol updates are exchanged by routers to learn about paths to other logical networks Each routing protocol offers features that can make it desirable as part of an internetwork design 32 Presentation_ID.scr 16

17 Routing Protocol Goals Optimal path selection Loop-free routing Fast convergence Limited design administration Minimize update traffic Handle address limitations Support hierarchical topology Incorporate rapid convergence Easy to configure Adapts to changes easily and quickly Does not create a lot of traffic Scales to a large size Compatible with existing hosts and routers Supports variable length subnet masks and discontiguous subnets Supports policy routing 33 IP RIP Routing Information Protocol Widely available Hop count metric Periodic update Easy to implement Usually free RFC 1058 Simple = limited Slow convergence No VLSM No discontiguous subnets Routing loops Count to infinity 34 Presentation_ID.scr 17

18 RIP Distance Vector Net A E0 R1 R2 R3 Net B Net C S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 Net D Network Interface A B C D E0 S0 S0 S0 Network Interface B C A D S0 S1 S0 S1 Network Interface C D B A S0 E0 S0 S0 Send Routing Table to Neighbors 35 Broadcast Routing Updates RIP V1 36 Presentation_ID.scr 18

19 RIP Metric Path A 1 Hop R2 Hops T1 T1 R1 56k R3 Path B 0 Hops 37 When to Use RIP Implementation in a few hours Good for stable links Good for small networks routed in host environment Multivendor environment Non-redundant network 38 Presentation_ID.scr 19

20 RIP V2 RFC 1723 Cisco IOS 11.1 support Advertises masks Variable length subnet masks Route summarization Routing updates use multicast Authenticated updates using MD5 39 Multicast Routing Updates RIP V2 40 Presentation_ID.scr 20

21 When to Use RIPv2 Same as RIP Subnet mask support Reduce broadcast load Validated updates Multivendor environment Non-redundant network 41 IPX RIP Widely available Hop count metric Ticks (1/18 sec) Periodic update Easy to implement Free on servers Tied to SAP protocol Simple = limited Slow convergence No default route Routing loops Count to infinity 42 Presentation_ID.scr 21

22 IPX RIP Ticks Ticks are used to determine server timeout Default for LAN interfaces is 1 Default for WAN interfaces is 4 IPXWAN calculates for its interfaces can be set via the ipx delay number interface sub command 43 IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol Cisco developed Distance vector Compound metric Cisco IOS 9.21 Periodic update No VLSM Default timers produce slow convergence 44 Presentation_ID.scr 22

23 IGRP Compound Metric Administrative weight Delay Bandwidth Reliability Load R1 T1 R2 56k R3 T1 = ((K * BW + (K 2 * BW) K 5 (256-load) + K * delay)) * 1 3 (reliability + K 4 )) 45 How the IGRP Metrics Work Delay Metric- Based on D1 + D2 + D3 D1 D2 D3 Bandwidth Metric-Based on 64kbps 1.5 Mbps 64 kbps 1.5 Mbps Bandwidth dominates short paths Delay dominates long paths Configure bandwidth on all interfaces 46 Presentation_ID.scr 23

24 When to Use IGRP Simplicity of RIP Good for small and medium networks When metrics are important Reduced routing overhead 47 Enhanced IGRP Extremely fast convergence VLSM support Discontiguous subnets Arbitrary route summarization Supports prefix and host routing Best of DV and LS Low overhead Guaranteed loop-free Reliable, incremental update-based Multiprotocol: IP, IPX, AppleTalk Easy to configure 48 Presentation_ID.scr 24

25 Advanced Distance Vector A B C Q A B C X s Table Z Y X A B C A Q 2 B Z 13 C X 13 Y s Table On Startup Routing Tables Are Exchanged; Routing Table Built Based on Best Paths from Topology Table Construct neighbor tables Construct topology tables Compute routes A 27 Z 1 Q 5 X Ḅ Ẓ... Topology Table 49 EIGRP Tables Topology table Acted upon by DUAL All routes advertised by neighbors List of neighbors for each route Routes passive or active Neighbor table Keeps adjacent neighbor s address Keeps the hold time Information for reliable transport 50 Presentation_ID.scr 25

26 Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) DUAL is a loop-free routing algorithm that performs a diffused computation of a routing table Uses a new routing algorithm Achieves fast convergence Network changes propagate only to affected nodes ( bounded updates ) No need for route holddown Researched and developed by SRI International 51 IPX EIGRP Automatic redistribution of routes into RIP/SAP Maximum network size is 224 hops vs 15 for RIP Incremental SAPs sent, reducing bandwidth usage All other benefits of EIGRP 52 Presentation_ID.scr 26

27 When to Use EIGRP Very large, complex networks VLSM For fast convergence Little network design Multiprotocol support 53 Link State Routing Q s Link State Z Z s Link State Topology Information Is Kept in a Database Separate from the Routing Table Q Y A B C Q Z X X s Link State X OSPF IS-IS NLSP DECnet V 54 Presentation_ID.scr 27

28 Link State Routing Neighbor discovery Constructing an LSA (Link State Advertisement) Distribute LSA Compute routes using SPF (Shortest Path First) On network failure New LSAs flooded All routers recompute routing tables 55 OSPF Open Shortest Path First Link state or SPF technology Developed by OSPF working group of IETF (RFC 1253) Designed expressly for TCP/IP Internet environment Fast convergence Variable-length subnet masks Discontiguous subnets No periodic updates Route authentication Delivered two years after IGRP 56 Presentation_ID.scr 28

29 OSPF Areas and Rules Backbone area (0) must be present All other areas must have connection to backbone Backbone must be contiguous Do not partition area (0) Backbone Router Internet Area 2 Area 3 Area 4 Area Border Router Area 0 Area 1 Autonomous System (AS) Border Router Internal Router 57 When to Use OSPF Large hierarchical networks Complex networks, except Topology restrictive Additional network design VLSM Fast convergence Multivendor 58 Presentation_ID.scr 29

30 IS-IS IS = Intermediate System Dual IS-IS Integrated IS-IS Metric is 6 bits wide (1-63)* All interfaces default to 10 ISO Two types of areas: Level-1 other areas Level-2 backbone Default for each level Much like OSPF 59 NetWare Link Services Protocol Derived from ISIS NLSP specs 3 levels of routers Only 2 levels are defined Spec is Novell NLSP version /devres/langrp/specs/nlspspec.exe /en/kayak/nw411com/ipxrtenu/docmodul/ch3.html 60 Presentation_ID.scr 30

31 BGP RFC 1771 Border Gateway Protocol Version 4 is current Exterior routing protocol (vs. interior) Uses TCP for transport Many options for policy enforcement Classless Inter Domain Routing (CIDR) Widely used for Internet backbone Autonomous systems 61 BGP Basics A Peering AS 100 AS 101 C B D Runs over TCP Path vector protocol Incremental update E AS Presentation_ID.scr 31

32 Internal BGP (IBGP) Peering A AS 100 B D E BGP peer within the same AS Not required to be directly connected IBGP neighbors should be fully meshed Few BGP speakers in corporate network 63 External BGP (EBGP) Peering A AS 100 AS 101 C B Between BGP speakers in different AS Should be directly connected Don t run an IGP between EBGP peers 64 Presentation_ID.scr 32

33 Policy Drives BGP Requirements BGP AS 200 Static Route AS 100 BGP AS 400 BGP AS 300 Policy for AS 100: Always use AS 300 path to reach AS When Not to Use BGP A Static B C ISP Runs BGP Network Number Advertise Default Network Via IGP Use a Static Route to Provide Connectivity Avoid BGP configuration by using default networks and static routes Appropriate when the local policy is the same as the ISP policy 66 Presentation_ID.scr 33

34 Agenda Addressing Concepts Routing Protocols Statics and Defaults 67 Static Routes Routes configured manually Useful when few or just one route exist Can be administrative burden Frequently used for default route 68 Presentation_ID.scr 34

35 Floating Static Routes A static route with a high distance Can be overridden by dynamic info ISDN T C15C0 ip route ipx route C15C c floating-static 69 Default Routes Route used if no match is found in routing table Can be carried by routing protocols Two models Special network number: (IP) -2 (IPX) Flagged in routing protocol Protocols support multiple models 70 Presentation_ID.scr 35

36 Creating a Default Route RIP, RIPv2: network IGRP, EIGRP: ip default-network OSPF: default originate IPX: ipx route default default gateway is for host mode 71 Default IP Subnet s0 s1 Internet Two defaults For unknown networks For unknown subnets Controlled by ip classless 72 Presentation_ID.scr 36

37 Comparison of Routing Protocols Link State Traditional Distance Vector Advanced Distance Vector Scalability Good Low Excellent Bandwidth Low High Low Memory High Low Moderate CPU High Low Low Convergence Fast Slow Fast Configuration Moderate Easy Easy 73 Internet Routing Protocols IP routing protocols are characterized as Name Type Proprietary Function Updates Metric VLSM Summ RIP DV No Interior 30 Sec Hops No Auto RIPv2 DV No Interior 30 Sec Hops Yes Auto IGRP DV Yes Interior 90 Sec Comp No Auto EIGRP Adv DV Yes Interior Trig Comp Yes Both OSPF LS No Interior Trig Cost Yes Man IS-IS LS No Int/Ext Trig Cost Yes Auto BGP DV No Exterior Trig N/A N/A Man 74 Presentation_ID.scr 37

38 Topology/Technology Considerations Routing and services overhead is usually not a big deal when you have a lot of bandwidth (i.e. LANs) Protect WAN bandwidth using update-based protocols more bandwidth and buffers for application traffic High densities of sub(interfaces) can cause hot spots and router CPU overload NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multi-Access) technologies always require good design practices 75 For Further Reference Computer Networks, Third Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum (ISBN: ) Interconnections : Bridges and Routers by Radia Perlman (ISBN: ) Internetworking with TCP / IP, Volume 1: Principles, Protocols, and Architecture by Douglas Comer (ISBN: ) IP Routing Fundamentals by Mark Sportack (ISBN: x) IP Routing Primer by Robert Wright (ISBN: ) OSPF Network Design Solutions by Thomas, Thomas M. (ISBN: ) 76 Presentation_ID.scr 38

39 Thank You! Please fill out the survey This was # Introduction to Routing Related sessions: 304 Intro to IP Switching 307 Deploying IGRP/EIGRP 308 Deploying OSPF/NLSP/IS-IS 309 Deploying BGP 77 Introduction to Routing Session 78 Presentation_ID.scr 39

40 79 Presentation_ID.scr 40

Top-Down Network Design

Top-Down Network Design Top-Down Network Design Chapter Seven Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Original slides by Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer Selection Criteria for Switching and Routing Protocols Network traffic

More information

Chapter 7: Routing Dynamically. Routing & Switching

Chapter 7: Routing Dynamically. Routing & Switching Chapter 7: Routing Dynamically Routing & Switching The Evolution of Dynamic Routing Protocols Dynamic routing protocols used in networks since the late 1980s Newer versions support the communication based

More information

TDC 363 Introduction to LANs

TDC 363 Introduction to LANs TDC 363 Introduction to LANs Routing Protocols and RIP Greg Brewster DePaul University TDC 363 1 Dynamic Routing Routing Protocols Distance Vector vs. Link State Protocols RIPv1 & RIPv2 RIP Problems Slow

More information

Top-Down Network Design, Ch. 7: Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols. Top-Down Network Design. Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols

Top-Down Network Design, Ch. 7: Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols. Top-Down Network Design. Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Top-Down Network Design Chapter Seven Selecting Switching and Routing Protocols Copyright 2010 Cisco Press & Priscilla Oppenheimer 1 Switching 2 Page 1 Objectives MAC address table Describe the features

More information

Symbols. Numerics I N D E X

Symbols. Numerics I N D E X I N D E X Symbols? (question mark), CLI help system, 126 Numerics A 2-router BGP topology, configuring, 279 284 4-router BGP topology, configuring, 266, 276 279 ABRs (area border routers), 9, 87, 95, 141

More information

Basic Idea. Routing. Example. Routing by the Network

Basic Idea. Routing. Example. Routing by the Network Basic Idea Routing Routing table at each router/gateway When IP packet comes, destination address checked with routing table to find next hop address Questions: Route by host or by network? Routing table:

More information

Routing by the Network

Routing by the Network Routing Basic Idea Routing table at each router/gateway When IP packet comes, destination address checked with routing table to find next hop address Questions: Route by host or by network? Routing table:

More information

9.1. Routing Protocols

9.1. Routing Protocols 9.1. Routing Protocols Each organization that has been assigned a network address from an ISP is considered an autonomous system (AS). That organization is free to create one large network, or divide the

More information

Planning for Information Network

Planning for Information Network Planning for Information Network Lecture 8: Network Routing Protocols Assistant Teacher Samraa Adnan Al-Asadi 1 Routing protocol features There are many ways to characterize routing protocols, including

More information

Unit 3: Dynamic Routing

Unit 3: Dynamic Routing Unit 3: Dynamic Routing Basic Routing The term routing refers to taking a packet from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network. Routers don t really care about

More information

CHAPTER 4: ROUTING DYNAMIC. Routing & Switching

CHAPTER 4: ROUTING DYNAMIC. Routing & Switching CHAPTER 4: ROUTING DYNAMIC Routing & Switching CHAPTER4 4.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols 4.2 Distance Vector Dynamic Routing 4.3 RIP and RIPng Routing 4.4 Link-State Dynamic Routing 4.5 The Routing Table

More information

Chapter 7 Routing Protocols

Chapter 7 Routing Protocols Chapter 7 Routing Protocols Nonroutable Protocols In the early days of networking, networks were small collections of computers linked together For the purposes of sharing information and expensive peripherals

More information

CS 43: Computer Networks Internet Routing. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 16, 2017

CS 43: Computer Networks Internet Routing. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 16, 2017 CS 43: Computer Networks Internet Routing Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 16, 2017 1 Hierarchical routing Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat not true in

More information

CS 43: Computer Networks. 24: Internet Routing November 19, 2018

CS 43: Computer Networks. 24: Internet Routing November 19, 2018 CS 43: Computer Networks 24: Internet Routing November 19, 2018 Last Class Link State + Fast convergence (reacts to events quickly) + Small window of inconsistency Distance Vector + + Distributed (small

More information

Routing, Routing Algorithms & Protocols

Routing, Routing Algorithms & Protocols Routing, Routing Algorithms & Protocols Computer Networks Lecture 6 http://goo.gl/pze5o8 Circuit-Switched and Packet-Switched WANs 2 Circuit-Switched Networks Older (evolved from telephone networks), a

More information

CCNP 1: Advanced Routing

CCNP 1: Advanced Routing Scope and Sequence CCNP 1: Advanced Routing Cisco Networking Academy Program Version 3.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS CCNP 1: ADVANCED ROUTING...1 TARGET AUDIENCE...3 PREREQUISITES...3 COURSE DESCRIPTION...3 COURSE

More information

ABR (Area Border Router), 206, 216 access, dedicated networks, 23 access layer, three-layer hierarchical design model, 6

ABR (Area Border Router), 206, 216 access, dedicated networks, 23 access layer, three-layer hierarchical design model, 6 1358_fmi.book Page 460 Thursday, May 27, 2004 2:21 PM A ABR (Area Border Router), 206, 216 access, dedicated networks, 23 access layer, three-layer hierarchical design model, 6 access lists, scalable networks,

More information

Part II. Chapter 3. Determining IP Routes

Part II. Chapter 3. Determining IP Routes Part II Chapter 3 Routers perform two main functions: switching and routing. The switching function is the process of moving packets from an inbound interface to an outbound interface. The switching function

More information

EECS 122, Lecture 16. Link Costs and Metrics. Traffic-Sensitive Metrics. Traffic-Sensitive Metrics. Static Cost Metrics.

EECS 122, Lecture 16. Link Costs and Metrics. Traffic-Sensitive Metrics. Traffic-Sensitive Metrics. Static Cost Metrics. EECS 122, Lecture 16 Kevin Fall kfall@cs.berkeley.edu edu Link Costs and Metrics Routing protocols compute shortest/cheapest paths using some optimization criteria Choice of criteria has strong effect

More information

Section 6. Implementing EIGRP ICND2

Section 6. Implementing EIGRP ICND2 ICND2 Section 6 Implementing EIGRP Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) was introduced in Cisco IOS Release 9.21 as an enhancement to the limitations of IGRP. IGRP was developed by Cisco

More information

Introduction to OSPF

Introduction to OSPF Introduction to OSPF ISP/IXP Workshops ISP/IXP Workshops 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1 Agenda OSPF Primer OSPF in Service Provider Networks OSPF BCP - Adding Networks OSPF Command Summary 2 OSPF Primer 3

More information

Distance Vector Routing Protocols

Distance Vector Routing Protocols Distance Vector Routing Protocols Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 4 Version 4.0 1 Objectives Identify the characteristics of distance vector routing protocols. Describe the network discovery process

More information

RIP Version 2. The Classless Brother

RIP Version 2. The Classless Brother RIP Version 2 The Classless Brother (C) Herbert Haas 2005/03/11 1 Why RIPv2 Need for subnet information and VLSM Need for Next Hop addresses for each route entry Need for external route tags Need for multicast

More information

BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma

BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma Unit 9 Computer Network Routing and Routing Protocols BTEC Level 3 Extended Diploma Introduction to Routing Routing is the process that a router uses to forward packets toward

More information

Building the Routing Table. Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles

Building the Routing Table. Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles Building the Routing Table Introducing the Routing Table Directly Connected Networks Static Routing Dynamic Routing Routing Table Principles Introducing the Routing Table R1# show ip route Codes: C - connected,

More information

2008 NDP Lectures 7 th Semester

2008 NDP Lectures 7 th Semester 2008 NDP Lectures 7 th Semester Neeli R. Prasad, Associate Professor Head of Wireless Security and Sensor Networks Group Networking and Security Aalborg University Niels Jernes Vej 12, 9220 Aalborg East,

More information

904 ASBRs (Autonomous System Boundary Routers)

904 ASBRs (Autonomous System Boundary Routers) I N D E X A ABRs (Area Border Routers), 292 LSA propagation, 294 Access layer, hierarchical designs, 42 access lists. See also IP access lists BGP-4, 557 controlling terminal access, 51 52 guidelines for

More information

Configuring EIGRP. 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc.

Configuring EIGRP. 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. Configuring EIGRP 4-1 EIGRP Overview 4-2 What Is EIGRP? IPX Routing Protocols IP Routing Protocols AppleTalk Routing Protocol Enhanced IGRP IP Routing Protocols AppleTalk Routing Protocol IPX Routing Protocols

More information

SEMESTER 2 Chapter 4 Distance Vector Routing Protocols V 4.0 RIP, IGRP, EIGRP

SEMESTER 2 Chapter 4 Distance Vector Routing Protocols V 4.0 RIP, IGRP, EIGRP SEMESTER 2 Chapter 4 Distance Vector Routing Protocols V 4.0 4.1.1 What are the three distance vector routing protocols? What are the key characteristics of RIP? What are the key characteristics of IGRP?

More information

CSc 450/550 Computer Networks Internet Routing

CSc 450/550 Computer Networks Internet Routing CSc 450/550 Computer Networks Internet Routing Jianping Pan Summer 2007 7/12/07 CSc 450/550 1 Review Internet Protocol (IP) IP header addressing class-based, classless, hierarchical, NAT routing algorithms

More information

shortcut Tap into learning NOW! Visit for a complete list of Short Cuts. Your Short Cut to Knowledge

shortcut Tap into learning NOW! Visit  for a complete list of Short Cuts. Your Short Cut to Knowledge shortcut Your Short Cut to Knowledge The following is an excerpt from a Short Cut published by one of the Pearson Education imprints. Short Cuts are short, concise, PDF documents designed specifically

More information

Chapter 3. Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols. CCNA2-1 Chapter 3

Chapter 3. Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols. CCNA2-1 Chapter 3 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols CCNA2-1 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols CCNA2-2 Chapter 3 Perspective and Background Dynamic

More information

Chapter 5 RIP version 1

Chapter 5 RIP version 1 Cisco CCNA 2 Exploration - Routing Chapter 5 RIP version 1 João José jjose@ualg.pt http://w3.ualg.pt/~jjose/cisco/ Based on: Graziani, R. (2008) CIS 82 Routing Theory and Concepts RIPv1: A Distance Vector,

More information

Introduction to OSPF

Introduction to OSPF Introduction to OSPF 1 OSPF Open Shortest Path First Link state or SPF technology Developed by OSPF working group of IETF (RFC 1247) OSPFv2 standard described in RFC2328 Designed for: TCP/IP environment

More information

CS 43: Computer Networks Internet Routing. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 14, 2013

CS 43: Computer Networks Internet Routing. Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 14, 2013 CS 43: Computer Networks Internet Routing Kevin Webb Swarthmore College November 14, 2013 1 Reading Quiz Hierarchical routing Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat

More information

Introduction to Local and Wide Area Networks

Introduction to Local and Wide Area Networks Introduction to Local and Wide Area Networks Lecturers Amnach Khawne Jirasak Sittigorn Chapter 1 1 Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 4 : Distance Vector Routing Protocols Chapter 5 : RIP version 1

More information

Routing & Protocols 1

Routing & Protocols 1 Routing & Protocols 1 Paul Traina cisco Engineering 2 Today's Talk Terminology Routing Static Routes Interior Gateway Protocols Exterior Gateway Protocols Building an ISP network 3 Terminology network

More information

Two types of routing protocols are used in internetworks: interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs).

Two types of routing protocols are used in internetworks: interior gateway protocols (IGPs) and exterior gateway protocols (EGPs). Introduction Dynamic routing is when protocols are used to find networks and update routing tables on routers. True, this is easier than using static or default routing, but it ll cost you in terms of

More information

CCNA EXPLORATION V4.0 ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS

CCNA EXPLORATION V4.0 ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND CONCEPTS CCNA EXPLORATION V4.0 ACCESSIBLE INSTRUCTOR MATERIALS COMPARISON OF NEW CURRICULA WITH EXISTING CURRICULA Prepared by Cisco Learning Institute June 23, 2008 Routing Protocols and Concepts Summary New CCNA

More information

Routing Architecture. Objectives. Module 2 Routing Fundamentals. Author: Rolf Augstein January 2006

Routing Architecture. Objectives. Module 2 Routing Fundamentals. Author: Rolf Augstein January 2006 Routing Architecture Module 2 Routing Fundamentals Basic Problems Principles, Classification Operation Author: Rolf Augstein raugstein@rolfaugstein.com January 2006 Feel free to use this publication for

More information

Internet Routing : Fundamentals of Computer Networks Bill Nace

Internet Routing : Fundamentals of Computer Networks Bill Nace Internet Routing 14-740: Fundamentals of Computer Networks Bill Nace Material from Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach, 6 th edition. J.F. Kurose and K.W. Ross Looking Ahead Lab #2 just due Quiz #2

More information

Introduction to IP Routing

Introduction to IP Routing Introduction to IP Routing Static-, Default-, Dynamic-Routing, RIP Classless/Classful Routing, Internet Routing Overview Agenda Introduction to IP Routing Static Routing Default Route Dynamic Routing RIP

More information

Configuring Networking Protocols

Configuring Networking Protocols 11 CHAPTER This chapter describes how to configure the ML-Series card for supported IP routing protocols. It is intended to provide enough information for a network administrator to get the protocols up

More information

Chapter 4: outline. Network Layer 4-1

Chapter 4: outline. Network Layer 4-1 Chapter 4: outline 4.1 introduction 4.2 virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 what s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6 4.5 routing algorithms link

More information

Fast IP Convergence. Section 4. Period from when a topology change occurs, to the moment when all the routers have a consistent view of the network.

Fast IP Convergence. Section 4. Period from when a topology change occurs, to the moment when all the routers have a consistent view of the network. Fast IP Convergence Section 4 2899_05_2001_c1 2001, Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 IP Convergence Convergence Time Period from when a topology change occurs, to the moment when all the routers

More information

Routing. Info 341 Networking and Distributed Applications. Addresses, fragmentation, reassembly. end-to-end communication UDP, TCP

Routing. Info 341 Networking and Distributed Applications. Addresses, fragmentation, reassembly. end-to-end communication UDP, TCP outing Info 341 Networking and Distributed Applications Context Layer 3 Addresses, fragmentation, reassembly Layer 4 end-to-end communication UDP, TCP outing At layer 3 Often relies on layer 4 Application

More information

EIGRP 04/01/2008. Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 9 Modified by Tony Chen

EIGRP 04/01/2008. Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 9 Modified by Tony Chen EIGRP Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 9 Modified by Tony Chen 04/01/2008 1 Introduction 2 EIGRP Roots of EIGRP: IGRP -Developed in 1985 to overcome RIPv1 s limited hop count -Distance vector routing

More information

IP Router. Introduction to IP Routing. Agenda. IP Routing 1

IP Router. Introduction to IP Routing. Agenda. IP Routing 1 IP Router Initially Unix workstations with several network interface cards Today specialized hardware Cisco 3600 Router Introduction to IP Routing Static-, Default-, Dynamic-Routing, RIP Classless/Classful

More information

Internet Routing Protocols Tuba Saltürk

Internet Routing Protocols Tuba Saltürk Internet Routing Protocols 15505068 Tuba Saltürk Outline Internet Routers Routing Protocol Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP) Distance- Vector Routing Protocol Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Interior

More information

Chapter 4: VLSM and Classless Inter Domain Routing. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 4: VLSM and Classless Inter Domain Routing. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 4: VLSM and Classless Inter Domain Routing 1 What will we Learn from chapter 4? Compare and contrast classful and classless IP addressing. Review VLSM and explain the benefits of classless IP addressing.

More information

The most simple way to accelerate a Router is at 9.8 m/sec/sec.

The most simple way to accelerate a Router is at 9.8 m/sec/sec. Routing Introduction Direct vs. Indirect Delivery Static vs. Dynamic Routing Distance Vector vs. Link State (C) Herbert Haas 2005/03/11 The most simple way to accelerate a Router is at 9.8 m/sec/sec. Seen

More information

Exam : : Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) Title. Ver :

Exam : : Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) Title. Ver : Exam : 642-801 Title : Building Scalable Cisco Internetworks (BSCI) Ver : 03-22-05 QUESTION 1 A packet that needs to be forwarded arrives on an interface of a router. In order for a router to route data,

More information

Table of Contents. Cisco TCP/IP

Table of Contents. Cisco TCP/IP Table of Contents TCP/IP Overview...1 TCP/IP Technology...1 TCP...1 IP...2 Routing in IP Environments...4 Interior Routing Protocols...5 RIP...5 IGRP...6 OSPF...6 Integrated IS IS...6 Exterior Routing

More information

CSCE 463/612 Networks and Distributed Processing Spring 2018

CSCE 463/612 Networks and Distributed Processing Spring 2018 CSCE 463/612 Networks and Distributed Processing Spring 2018 Network Layer IV Dmitri Loguinov Texas A&M University April 12, 2018 Original slides copyright 1996-2004 J.F Kurose and K.W. Ross 1 Chapter

More information

SEMESTER 2 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols V 4.0

SEMESTER 2 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols V 4.0 SEMESTER 2 Chapter 3 Introduction to Dynamic Routing Protocols V 4.0 3.1.1 What are the four routing RIP, RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPFv2 protocols that are the focus of this course? 3.1.1.2 What are routing protocols?

More information

REDDIG II Computer Networking Training

REDDIG II Computer Networking Training REDDIG II Computer Networking Training JM SANCHEZ / PH RASSAT -20/06/2012 Invierno 2011 Capacitacion en fabrica - CORPAC Dynamic Routing Dynamic Routing Function(s) of Dynamic Routing Protocols: Dynamically

More information

To contain/reduce broadcast traffic, we need to reduce the size of the network (i.e., LAN).

To contain/reduce broadcast traffic, we need to reduce the size of the network (i.e., LAN). 2.3.3 Routers 2.3.3.1 Motivation Bridges do not stop broadcast traffic. This can lead to broadcast storms (e.g., more than 100 nonunicast frames/sec) which can be catastrophic. This can bring the network

More information

RIP Configuration. RIP Overview. Operation of RIP. Introduction. RIP routing table. RIP timers

RIP Configuration. RIP Overview. Operation of RIP. Introduction. RIP routing table. RIP timers Table of Contents RIP Configuration 1 RIP Overview 1 Operation of RIP 1 Operation of RIP 2 RIP Version 2 RIP Message Format 3 Protocols and Standards 4 Configuring RIP Basic Functions 5 Configuration Prerequisites

More information

Routing in the Internet

Routing in the Internet Routing in the Internet Daniel Zappala CS 460 Computer Networking Brigham Young University Scaling Routing for the Internet 2/29 scale 200 million destinations - can t store all destinations or all prefixes

More information

Routing Protocols. Autonomous System (AS)

Routing Protocols. Autonomous System (AS) Routing Protocols Two classes of protocols: 1. Interior Routing Information Protocol (RIP) Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 2. Exterior Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) Autonomous System (AS) What is an AS?

More information

Cramsession for Building Scalable Cisco Networks Routing 2.0

Cramsession for Building Scalable Cisco Networks Routing 2.0 TM BrainBuzz Cramsession Last updated October, 2000. Click here for updates. Click here to see additional documents related to this study guide. Contents Contents... 1 Routing Protocols... 2 Hybrid Protocols...

More information

Designing Large-Scale IP Internetworks

Designing Large-Scale IP Internetworks CHAPTER 3 Designing Large-Scale IP Internetworks This chapter focuses on the following design implications of the Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP), Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocols,

More information

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ROUTING PROTOCOLS S.Kokila, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, A.V.P College of Arts and Science, Tiruppur, Tamilnadu, India. G.Pramela, Assistant Professor, Department

More information

Building Scalable Cisco Network Routing 2.0

Building Scalable Cisco Network Routing 2.0 Check out these great features at www.cramsession.com Your Trusted Study Resource for Technical Certifications Written by experts. The most popular study guides on the web. In Versatile PDF file format

More information

THE OSI MODEL. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical. OSI Model. Chapter 1 Review.

THE OSI MODEL. Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical. OSI Model. Chapter 1 Review. THE OSI MODEL Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data-Link Physical OSI Model Chapter 1 Review By: Allan Johnson Table of Contents Go There! Go There! Go There! Go There! Go There! Go There!

More information

Computer Networking Introduction

Computer Networking Introduction Computer Networking Introduction Halgurd S. Maghdid Software Engineering Department Koya University-Koya, Kurdistan-Iraq Lecture No.15 Chapter 4: outline 4.1 introduction 4.2 virtual circuit and datagram

More information

RIPv2. Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 7. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

RIPv2. Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 7. ITE PC v4.0 Chapter Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public RIPv2 Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 7 1 Objectives Encounter and describe the limitations of RIPv1 s limitations. Apply the basic Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2) configuration commands

More information

Configuring IP Routing Protocols

Configuring IP Routing Protocols CHAPTER 18 Configuring IP Routing Protocols This chapter describes how to configure the various Internet Protocol (IP) routing protocols. For a complete description of the commands listed in this chapter,

More information

Announcements. CS 5565 Network Architecture and Protocols. Project 2B. Project 2B. Project 2B: Under the hood. Routing Algorithms

Announcements. CS 5565 Network Architecture and Protocols. Project 2B. Project 2B. Project 2B: Under the hood. Routing Algorithms Announcements CS 5565 Network Architecture and Protocols Lecture 20 Godmar Back Project 2B due in 2 parts: Apr 29 and May 6 Extra Credit Opportunities: Expand simulator (and your implementation) to introduce

More information

Chapter 4: Network Layer

Chapter 4: Network Layer Chapter 4: Network Layer 4. 1 Introduction 4.2 Virtual circuit and datagram networks 4.3 What s inside a router 4.4 IP: Internet Protocol Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP IPv6 4.5 Routing algorithms

More information

Which of the following describe the process identifier that is used to run OSPF on a router? (Choose two)

Which of the following describe the process identifier that is used to run OSPF on a router? (Choose two) ICND1 OSPF Questions Question 1 Which of the following describe the process identifier that is used to run OSPF on a router? (Choose two) A. It is locally significant. B. It is globally significant. C.

More information

Routing Protocol Type Primarily IGP or EGP RIP Distance-Vector IGP EIGRP OSPF IS-IS BGP

Routing Protocol Type Primarily IGP or EGP RIP Distance-Vector IGP EIGRP OSPF IS-IS BGP Appendix D Memory Tables Chapter 1 Table 1-2 Routing Protocol Characteristics Routing Protocol Type Primarily IGP or EGP RIP Distance-Vector IGP EIGRP OSPF IS-IS BGP Chapter 3 Table 3-2 Hexadecimal/Binary

More information

Network Technologies. Unit 5, Chapter 8 Switching and Routing. Cisco Learning Institute Network+ Fundamentals and Certification

Network Technologies. Unit 5, Chapter 8 Switching and Routing. Cisco Learning Institute Network+ Fundamentals and Certification Network Technologies Unit 5, Chapter 8 Switching and Routing Cisco Learning Institute Network+ Fundamentals and Certification Copyright 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

More information

Chapter 4: Network Layer. Lecture 12 Internet Routing Protocols. Chapter goals: understand principles behind network layer services:

Chapter 4: Network Layer. Lecture 12 Internet Routing Protocols. Chapter goals: understand principles behind network layer services: NET 331 Computer Networks Lecture 12 Internet Routing Protocols Dr. Anis Koubaa Reformatted slides from textbook Computer Networking a top-down appraoch, Fifth Edition by Kurose and Ross, (c) Pearson Education

More information

Configuring OSPF. Cisco s OSPF Implementation

Configuring OSPF. Cisco s OSPF Implementation Configuring OSPF This chapter describes how to configure OSPF. For a complete description of the OSPF commands in this chapter, refer to the OSPF s chapter of the Network Protocols Reference, Part 1. To

More information

Routing Protocols Classification

Routing Protocols Classification Routing Protocols Classification Petr Grygárek rek 1 Classification criteria Internal (IGP) / External (EGP) number of handled routes possibilities of routing politics specification Convergence Time Distance-vector

More information

Why dynamic route? (1)

Why dynamic route? (1) Routing Why dynamic route? (1) Static route is ok only when Network is small There is a single connection point to other network No redundant route 2 Why dynamic route? (2) Dynamic Routing Routers update

More information

Small additions by Dr. Enis Karaarslan, Purdue - Aaron Jarvis (Network Engineer)

Small additions by Dr. Enis Karaarslan, Purdue - Aaron Jarvis (Network Engineer) Routing Basics 1 Small additions by Dr. Enis Karaarslan, 2014 Purdue - Aaron Jarvis (Network Engineer) Routing Concepts IPv4 Routing Forwarding Some definitions Policy options Routing Protocols 3 IPv4

More information

CCNA 3 (v v6.0) Chapter 5 Exam Answers % Full

CCNA 3 (v v6.0) Chapter 5 Exam Answers % Full CCNA 3 (v5.0.3 + v6.0) Chapter 5 Exam Answers 2017 100% Full ccnav6.com /ccna-3-v5-0-3-v6-0-chapter-5-exam-answers-2017-100-full.html CCNA Exam Answers 2017 CCNA 3 (v5.0.3 + v6.0) Chapter 5 Exam Answers

More information

Implementing Cisco IP Routing E-Learning

Implementing Cisco IP Routing E-Learning Implementing Cisco IP Routing E-Learning Duration: 1 Day Course Code: E-ROUTE Overview: In this course, administrators of medium-to-large network sites will learn to use advanced routing to provide scalability

More information

Routing Protocols. Technology Description BGP CHAPTER

Routing Protocols. Technology Description BGP CHAPTER CHAPTER 11 This chapter describes the level of support that Cisco ANA provides for routing protocols, as follows: Technology Description, page 11-1 Information Model Objects (IMOs), page 11-3 Vendor-Specific

More information

Inter-Domain Routing: BGP

Inter-Domain Routing: BGP Inter-Domain Routing: BGP Richard T. B. Ma School of Computing National University of Singapore CS 3103: Compute Networks and Protocols Inter-Domain Routing Internet is a network of networks Hierarchy

More information

IP Enhanced IGRP Commands

IP Enhanced IGRP Commands IP Enhanced IGRP Commands Use the commands in this chapter to configure and monitor IP Enhanced IGRP. For configuration information and examples, refer to the Configuring IP Enhanced IGRP chapter of the

More information

Unicast Routing. TCP/IP class

Unicast Routing. TCP/IP class Unicast Routing TCP/IP class Routing Protocols intro RIP and son of RIP OSPF BGP odd bodkins NAT TCP/IP Internetworking Protocols 2 divide routing world into 3 parts topology IETF ISO/OSI same link or

More information

Hierarchical Routing. Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat not true in practice

Hierarchical Routing. Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat not true in practice Hierarchical Routing Our routing study thus far - idealization all routers identical network flat not true in practice scale: with 200 million destinations: can t store all destinations in routing tables!

More information

Hands-On ROUTE Implementing Cisco IP Routing CCNP Course 1

Hands-On ROUTE Implementing Cisco IP Routing CCNP Course 1 Hands-On CCNP Course 1 Course Description Revised CCNP Curriculum and Exams Cisco has redesigned the CCNP courses and exams to reflect the evolving job tasks of global network professionals. Course 1 ROUTE

More information

IP Protocols. ALTTC/Oct

IP Protocols. ALTTC/Oct IP Protocols Internet or IP technology over the years has emerged as the most prominent data communication technology. TCP/IP protocol has become de-facto data comm standard throughout the world. It can

More information

Introduction to OSPF

Introduction to OSPF Introduction to OSPF ISP/IXP Workshops ISP/IXP Workshops 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 1 OSPF Dynamic Routing Protocol Link State technology Runs over IP, protocol 89 Designed by IETF for TCP/IP Supports VLSM

More information

Routing Information Protocol. A simple distance vector scheme

Routing Information Protocol. A simple distance vector scheme Routing Information Protocol A simple distance vector scheme RIP version 1 RFC 1058 Charles Hedrick, Rutgers University, 1988 Based on Bellman-Ford distance vector Also used as ARPANET routing protocol

More information

Enhanced IGRP. Chapter Goals. Enhanced IGRP Capabilities and Attributes CHAPTER

Enhanced IGRP. Chapter Goals. Enhanced IGRP Capabilities and Attributes CHAPTER 40 CHAPTER Chapter Goals Identify the four key technologies employed by (EIGRP). Understand the Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL), and describe how it improves the operational efficiency of EIGRP. Learn

More information

Routing Dynamically. 3.0 Routing Dynamically. Chapter Introduction Class Activity How Much Does This Cost?

Routing Dynamically. 3.0 Routing Dynamically. Chapter Introduction Class Activity How Much Does This Cost? Chapter 3 Routing Dynamically 3.0 Routing Dynamically 3.0.1.1 Introduction The data networks that we use in our everyday lives to learn, play, and work range from small, local networks to large, global

More information

Table of Contents. Cisco Introduction to EIGRP

Table of Contents. Cisco Introduction to EIGRP Table of Contents Introduction to EIGRP...1 Introduction...1 Before You Begin...1 Conventions...1 Prerequisites...1 Components Used...1 What is IGRP?...2 What is EIGRP?...2 How Does EIGRP Work?...2 EIGRP

More information

CCNA IP ROUTING. Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03

CCNA IP ROUTING. Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03 CCNA 640-801 IP ROUTING Revision no.: PPT/2K605/03 Routing Basics The term routing is used for taking a packet from one device and sending it through the network to another device on a different network.

More information

Routing Information Protocol. RIP application. RIP version 1

Routing Information Protocol. RIP application. RIP version 1 Routing Information Protocol A simple distance vector scheme dr. C. P. J. Koymans Informatics Institute University of Amsterdam (version 1.1, 2010/02/19 12:38:50) Wednesday, February 24, 2010 RIP version

More information

Configuring IP Routing Protocols

Configuring IP Routing Protocols C H A P T E R 1 8 Configuring IP Routing Protocols This chapter describes how to configure the various Internet Protocol (IP) routing protocols. For a complete description of the commands listed in this

More information

Default & Static Routes and Routing Information Protocol. Presented by : Mohammed Hamad

Default & Static Routes and Routing Information Protocol. Presented by : Mohammed Hamad Default & Static Routes and Routing Information Protocol Presented by : Mohammed Hamad When a device has multiple paths to reach a destination, it always selects one path by preferring it over others.

More information

DATA COMMUNICATOIN NETWORKING

DATA COMMUNICATOIN NETWORKING DATA COMMUNICATOIN NETWORKING Instructor: Ouldooz Baghban Karimi Course Book & Slides: Computer Networking, A Top-Down Approach By: Kurose, Ross Introduction Course Overview Basics of Computer Networks

More information

9 Routing Introduction

9 Routing Introduction 9 Routing Introduction CERTIFICATION OBJECTIVES 9.01 Types of Routes 9.02 Static Routes 9.03 Router on a Stick 9.04 Dynamic Routing Protocols 9.05 Problems with Distance Vector Protocols Two-Minute Drill

More information

Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE)

Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE) Implementing Cisco IP Routing (ROUTE) Foundation Learning Guide Foundation learning for the ROUTE 642-902 Exam Diane Teare Cisco Press 800 East 96th Street Indianapolis, IN 46240 Implementing Cisco IP

More information

Overview. Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing. Send document comments to CHAPTER

Overview. Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing. Send document comments to CHAPTER CHAPTER 1 This chapter introduces the basic concepts for Layer 3 unicast routing protocols in Cisco NX-OS. This chapter includes the following sections: Information About Layer 3 Unicast Routing, page

More information