Review for Internet Introduction
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1 Review for Internet Introduction
2 What s the Internet: Two Views View 1: Nuts and Bolts View billions of connected hosts routers and switches protocols control sending, receiving of messages network of networks mobile network home network global ISP regional ISP View 2: Service View Infrastructure that provides services to applications: Web, VoIP, , games, e- commerce, social nets, institutional network Introduction 1-2
3 Internet Components Network Edge: hosts: clients and servers mobile network Access networks Home: DSL & Cable Institutional: Ethernet Quiz 1 Wireless: WiFi & 3G & 4G LTE Physical Media guided media: copper, fiber, coax unguided media: radio Network Core: Interconnected Routers home network institutional network Packet Switching: Shared Resources: Store and Forward Circuit Switching: Shared Resources: Reserved Circuit global ISP regional ISP Quiz 4
4 Internet Structure: Network of Networks Tier 1 ISP Tier 1 ISP Google IXP IXP IXP Regional ISP Regional ISP access ISP access ISP access ISP access ISP access ISP access ISP access ISP access ISP End systems connect to Internet via access ISPs residential, company and university ISPs Access ISPs in turn must be interconnected.
5 Network Metrics 1: Delay A transmission propagation B processing queueing d nodal = d proc + d queue + d trans + d prop Quiz 2
6 Network Metrics 2: Packet loss Queue (aka buffer) has limited capacity Packet is dropped if arriving to full queue (aka lost) A buffer (waiting area) B packet arriving to full buffer is lost Introduction 1-6
7 Network Metrics 3: Throughput throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver Real-time: rate at a given time point Average: rate over longer period of time Introduction 1-7
8 Internet protocol stack application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP transport: process-process data transfer TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols link: data transfer between neighboring network devices Ethernet, (WiFi), PPP physical: bits on the wire application transport network link physical Quiz 3-1 Introduction 1-8
9 ISO/OSI reference model Open Systems Interconnections Presentation: allow applications to interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, Session: synchronization, recovery of data exchange 5-layer Internet stack missing these 2 layers! these services, if needed, must be implemented in application application presentation session transport network link physical Quiz 3-2 Introduction 1-9
10 Network security field of network security: how bad guys can attack computer networks how we can defend networks against attacks how to design architectures that are immune to attacks Malware can get in host from: Virus & Worm Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources (server, bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by overwhelming resource with bogus traffic Introduction 1-10
11 Review for App Layer Protocols
12 App-Layer Protocols Host A Application Layer Application Protocol Host B Application Layer Transport Layer Transport Protocol Transport Layer Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer Network Layer H-to-N Layer H-to-N Layer H-to-N Layer H-to-N Layer Router Router 12
13 App-layer protocol defines Types of messages exchanged: e.g., request, response Message format: Syntax :what fields in messages Semantics: meaning of information in fields Rules for when and how processes send & respond to messages Public-domain protocols: defined in RFCs DNS, HTTP, FTP, SMTP Proprietary protocols: e.g., Skype, Hangout A network connection is a 4-tuple:IP S, Port S, IP D, Port D To communicate, 2 hosts need to identify each other with IP address More than one process on a host: Port # 13
14 Client-server architecture (CS) client Server: Always-on host Permanent IP address A net of servers for scaling client server Clients: may not be always connected may have dynamic IP addresses communicate with server but do not communicate directly with each other Quiz 5 14
15 App-layer protocols DNS: Domain Name Service HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol CDN: Content Distribution Networks FTP: File Transfer Protocol SMTP: Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Quiz 6 Quiz 7 Quiz 8 Quiz 9 Quiz 10 15
16 DNS
17 Domain Name System (DNS) For any networked application, we need to know the IP address of a given host name Problem: On average, IP addresses have 12 digits We need an easier way to remember IP addresses Solution: Use names to refer to hosts Add a service (DNS) to map between host names and IP addresses We call this Address Resolution 17
18 Simple DNS <Client IP, CPort, DNS server IP, 53> QUERY cs.rutgers.edu <DNS server, 53, Client IP, Cport> RESPONSE Centralize DNS? Single Point of Failure traffic volume Distant centralized database maintenance doesn t scale! Quiz 6 18
19 Distributed, Tree-based DNS Database Root DNS Servers com DNS servers org DNS servers edu DNS servers yahoo.com DNS servers amazon.com DNS servers pbs.org DNS servers rutgers.edu DNS servers umass.edu DNS servers cs.rutgers.edu DNS server RFC
20 2 DNS Query Types Iterated Query root DNS server Recursive Query root DNS server edu DNS server edu DNS server 5 local DNS server dns.poly.edu local DNS server dns.poly.edu requesting host cis.poly.edu cs.umass.edu DNS server dns.cs.umass.edu requesting host cis.poly.edu cs.umass.edu DNS serve dns.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu gaia.cs.umass.edu 20
21 DNS: Caching, Updating, Bootstrapping Once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping Cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time How does a host contact the name server if all it has is the name and no IP address? IP address of at least 1 nameserver must be given in advance 21
22 HTTP
23 HTTP overview Web page consists of a base HTMLfile which includes several referenced objects addressable by a URL Client/Server model client: browser that requests, receives, displays Web objects server: Web server sends objects in response to requests Request & Response Message PC running Explorer Mac running Navigator Server running Apache Web server 23
24 HTTP connections Nonpersistent HTTP At most one object is sent over a single TCP connection. Persistent HTTP Multiple objects can be sent over a single TCP connection between client and server. Nonpersistent HTTP issues: requires 2 RTTs per object TCP Connection and HTTP Request Quiz 8 Browsers can open parallel TCP connections to fetch objects Persistent HTTP server leaves TCP connection open after sending response subsequent HTTP messages sent over open connection 24
25 Cookie : User-server State HTTP is stateless server maintains no information about past client requests What state can bring: Authorization, shopping carts, recommendations, user session state Four components: 1) cookie header line of HTTP response message 2) cookie header line in HTTP request message 3) cookie file kept on user s host, managed by user s browser 4) back-end database at Web site 25
26 Web caches (proxy server) Reduce response time for client request. Reduce traffic on an institution s access link. browser sends all HTTP requests to cache Miss: cache requests object from origin server, then returns object to client Hit: cache returns object guarantees cache content is up-to-date saves traffic and response time whenever possible 26
27 CDN
28 Content Distribution Networks (CDN) Reduce bandwidth Requirement & Traffic of content provider Reduce $$ of maintaining Servers Improve response time to user Quiz 7 Clients Origin Server CDN servers Huge B/W requirements & Does not scale Origin server Without CDN With CDN 28
29 FTP
30 FTP: the file transfer protocol user at host FTP user interface FTP client local file system file transfer Transfer file to/from remote host client/server model client: side that initiates transfer (either to/from remote) server: remote host FTP server remote file system out of band control Control connection port 21 & Data connection port 20 Active connection: data connection initiated form server Passive connection: : data connection initiated form client Key Drawback: Sends passwords in plain ASCII text Replaced with scp, sftp instead Quiz 9 30
31 SMTP
32 Electronic Mail Three Components: 1. User Agents 2. Mail Servers mailbox contains incoming messages for user message queue of outgoing (to be sent) mail messages 3. SMTP protocol Used to send messages Client: sending user agent or sending mail server server: receiving mail server Quiz 10 Mail access protocol: retrieval from server POP: Post Office Protocol IMAP: Internet Mail Access Protocol HTTP: Hotmail, Yahoo! Mail, etc. 32
33 Questions?
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