IP version 6. The not so new next IP version. dr. C. P. J. Koymans. Informatics Institute University of Amsterdam.
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1 IP version 6 The not so new next IP version dr. C. P. J. Koymans Informatics Institute University of Amsterdam February 5, 2008 dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
2 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
3 Outline Rationale 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
4 Rationale Why IP version 6? More addresses 4 times as many bits (128 bits) 2 96 times more address space Autoconfiguration Stateless State full (DHCP) Security Built-in IPSEC dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
5 Rationale Why IP version 6? (continued) Optimized headers Fixed length (40 bytes) Extension headers Mobility Direct end to end No NAT needed End to end principle dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
6 Rationale Why IP version 6? (maybe) QoS Flow label present Hierarchical routing Nothing new with respect to IPv4 Risk of tunnel mess because of IPv6-in-IPv4 transitions (but improving) dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
7 Outline IPv6 addressing 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
8 IPv6 addressing IPv4 address notation IPv4 address notation IP address Subnet mask (or sometimes) Network /26 Broadcast Mixed notation /26 Host and network in one notation dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
9 IPv6 addressing IPv6 address notation IPv6 address notation IPv6 address Short form Network Mixed notation 2001:0610:0128:c321:0000:0000:0000: :610:128:c321::1 2001:610:128:c321::/ :610:128:c321::1/64 8 blocks of 4 nibbles (hex), totaling 128 bits Leading zeroes in blocks may be skipped Block of all zeroes may be replaced by :: (once!,why?) No broadcasts, no subnet masks dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
10 IPv6 addressing Allocated address space Top level allocations Special addresses ::/3 Global unicast 2000::/3 Local unicast Multicast e000::/3 Exercise Write down the unallocated parts with as much aggregation as possible... dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
11 Outline IPv6 addressing Special cases 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
12 IPv6 addressing Special cases Special addresses Special addresses :: Unspecified address ::1 Localhost address ::a.b.c.d IPv4-compatible address ::ffff:a.b.c.d IPv4-mapped address a.b.c.d is IPv4 address in decimal IPv4-compatible addresses were used for automatic tunneling but are now deprecated Ipv4-mapped addresses are used on IPv4-only hosts and are never seen on the wire dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
13 Outline IPv6 addressing Unicast 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
14 IPv6 addressing Unicast Global unicast space Global unicast addresses RIR space 2001::/16 6to4 space 2002::/16 6bone space 3ffe::/16 The RIR (Regional Internet Registries) are: RIPE NCC, ARIN, APNIC, LACNIC, AfriNIC 6to4 is one of the transition mechanisms 6bone (a tunneled BGP mess) was experimental and is now deprecated dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
15 IPv6 addressing Unicast Local or private space fe80::/9 fe80::/10 (Link local addresses) Restricted in scope to a single link Address reuse possible on other link fec0::/10 (Site local addresses) Used within a site (what is a site?) Corporate mergers possible with GUSL Site locals are deprecated dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
16 Outline IPv6 addressing Multicast 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
17 IPv6 addressing Multicast Multicast space ff00::/8 (NOT ff::/8!) Multicast address bits 8 bits ones ( ) 4 bits flag (temporary/permanent) 4 bits scope 112 bits multicast group id dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
18 Outline IPv6 addressing Addressing hierarchy 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
19 IPv6 addressing Addressing hierarchy 2001::/16 Hierarchy /16 RIR space (from IANA) /23 Basic allocation size /32 ISP allocations (from RIR) /35 Old ISP allocations /48 Customer allocations (from ISP) /60 Consumer allocations /64 IPv6 subnet dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
20 IPv6 addressing Addressing hierarchy Internet Exchanges 2001:7f8:200::/48 AMS-IX from 2001:7f8::/32 RIPE-IX-range from 2001:7f8::/29 RIR-IX-range from 2001:600::/23 RIPE block Information via whois % whois 2001:7f8::/29 dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
21 Outline IPv4 to IPv6 transition 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
22 Outline IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
23 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas A simple and direct transition scenario Clients dual stack Servers (services) IPv4 or IPv6 Killer application IPv6 only Networks completely independent Configured tunnels only if no native connectivity is available dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
24 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas IETF transition scenario Clients and servers dual stack BIS, BIA NA(P)T-PT 6to4, 6over4, ISATAP Teredo, SIIT, TRT, SOCKS, DSTM, BGP tunnel, Tunnel Broker :) dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
25 Outline IPv4 to IPv6 transition ISATAP and 6to4 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
26 IPv4 to IPv6 transition ISATAP and 6to4 Windows XP SP1 choice ISATAP (RFC 4214) For intra domain connectivity Automatically enabled (if IPv6 enabled) 6to4 (RFC 3056) For inter domain connectivity Automatically enabled (if IPv6 enabled) ISATAP + 6to4 == a possibly big security problem dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
27 IPv4 to IPv6 transition ISATAP and 6to4 ISATAP PREFIX:0:5efe:a.b.c.d PREFIX can be local or global a.b.c.d can be a private or public IPv4 address Uses IPv4 encapsulation inside the domain as data link layer Default gateway should be a full blown IPv6 router dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
28 IPv4 to IPv6 transition ISATAP and 6to4 6to4 Everybody with an IPv4 address (a.b.c.d) already owns an IPv6 site 2002:a.b.c.d::/48 (This notation is illegal, but practical... ) Uses normal IPv6 routing inside its prefix A full mesh of IPv4 encapsulated point to point links connect all 6to4 routers The 6to4 router acts as a default gateway within 2002:a.b.c.d::/48 A 6to4 relay is a 6to4 router that connects 6to4 space to native IPv6 space A 6to4 relay advertises 2002::/16 towards native IPv6 space and uses a well-known IPv4 anycast address ( ) from /24 to reach nearest relay as 2002:c058:6301:: dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
29 6to4 in a picture Source:
30 ISATAP+6to4 Source: microsoft.com/technet/ community/columns/ cableguy/cg0701.mspx
31 Outline DNS issues 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
32 DNS issues DNS AAAA record Just like A record A6 record (hierarchical) experimental PTR record Inside ip6.arpa. (ip6.int. deprecated) Based on nibbles as labels DNAME (Domain CNAME) experimental Bitstring labels (deprecated) dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
33 DNS issues DNS over IPv6 Needs BIND 9 Root servers not yet IPv6 enabled Many others are ns6.ripe.net 2001:610:240:0:53::193 ns3.surfnet.nl 2001:610:0:800c:195:169:124:71 dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
34 Outline Application and protocol support 1 Rationale 2 IPv6 addressing Special cases Unicast Multicast Addressing hierarchy 3 IPv4 to IPv6 transition General ideas ISATAP and 6to4 4 DNS issues 5 Application and protocol support dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
35 Application and protocol support IPv6 applications and protocols Many protocols can be used, often unaltered, with IPv6 ftp, ssh, telnet, smtp, whois, domain, tftp, finger, http, pop3, nntp, ntp, netbios-*, imap, irc, ldap, login, lpr, rsync,... Many OS s IPv6 ready Windows XP, MacOS X, Linux, *BSD Demand native access! dr. C. P. J. Koymans (UvA) IP version 6 February 5, / 35
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