CAPS 1145 Introduction to Networks (Course Handout)

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1 CAPS 1145 Introduction to Networks (Course Handout) 7. Application: Point of contact for all network aware application. 6. Presentation: Gentrify the data (converted) 5. Session: Creates and maintains Sessions. 4. Transport: Reliable (TCP) packet verification, Unreliable (UDP) live no, verification, Port Numbers = socket, creates a port # 3. Network: header Data Unit: Packet layer finds IP address 2. Data Link: data link = Frame, MAC address (error checking layer) 1. Physical: Data transfer occurs (Bits) Wires. Source Node Physical Layer Encoding Destination Node (Protocol Data Units) PDU Data Segment Packet Application Presentation Session Transport Network Encapsulation Application Data Network Header Data Data Data Data Application Presentation Session Transport Network PDU Data Segment Packet Frame Bits Data Link Physical Frame Header Network Header Data Frame Trailer Data Link Physical Frame Bits Bits 1

2 OSI Layers Function Data Type Protocols Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data link Physical User Application services, Allows access to network services that support Applications. Handles network access, Flow control and error recovery. Data Translation; Compression and Encryption. Session Establishment, Management and Termination. Additional connection below the session layer. Manages the flow control of data between users across the Network. Provides error-handling. Translates logical network addresses and MAC addresses. Logical Addressing; Routing; Datagram; Encapsulation; Fragmentation and Reassembly; Error Handling and Diagnostics. Handles data frames between the Network and Physical Layers. The receiving end packages, raw data from the Physical layer into data frames for delivery to the Network layer. Logical Link Control; Media Access Control; Data Framing; Addressing Error Detection and Handling. Defining requirements of the Physical layer. Transmits raw bit stream over physical cable, defines cables, cards, and all physical aspects. Defines NIC attachments to hardware, how cable is attached to the NIC card. Encoding and Signaling; Physical Data Transmission; Hardware Specifications; Topology and Design. User Encoded Session Datagram s / Segments Datagram s / Packets Frames Bits DSN, DHCP, FTP, HTTPS, IMAP, LDAP, NNTP, NTP, POP3, RMON, RTP, RTSP, SSH, SIP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, TFTP. JPEG, MIDI, MPEG, PICT, TIFF, SSL, Shells and Redirectors, MIME. NetBIOS, NFS, PAP, SCP, Sockets, Named Pipes, SQL, RPC, ZIP. TCP and UDP, SPX, NetBUEI/NBF DLC, ICMP, IGMP, IP, IPv4, IPv6, IPX, IP NAT, IPsec, Mobil IP, RIP and BGP. ARP, ATM, CDP, CDDI, FDDI, Frame Relay, HDLC, MPLS, PPP, STP, SLIP and Token Ring Bluetooth, Ethernet, DSL, ISDN, WiFi. Network Components Gateway Gateway, Redirector. Gateway Gateway, Advanced Cable Tester, Brouter. Brouter, Router, Frame Relay Devices, ATM Switch, Advanced Cable Tester. Bridge, Switch, ISDN Router, Intelligent Hub, NIC, Advanced Cable Tester. Repeater, Multiplexer, Hubs, TDR, Oscilloscope Amplify. 2

3 Initializing and Reloading a Router and Switch Topology Set Up Devices in the Network as Shown in the Topology Attach console cables to the devices shown in the topology diagram. Power on all the devices in the topology. Wait for all devices to finish the software load process before moving to Part 2. Initialize the Router and Reload Initialize the Router and Reload Step 1: Connect to the router. Enter privileged EXEC mode using the enable command. Router> enable Router# Step 2: Erase the startup configuration file from NVRAM. Type the erase startup-config command to remove the startup configuration from nonvolatile randomaccess memory (NVRAM). Router# erase startup-config Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue? [confirm] [OK] Erase of nvram: complete Router# Step 3: Reload the router. Issue the reload command to remove an old configuration from memory. When prompted to Proceed with reload, press Enter to confirm the reload. Pressing any other key will abort the reload. Router# reload Proceed with reload? [confirm] *Nov 29 18:28:09.923: %SYS-5-RELOAD: Reload requested by console. Reload Reason: Reload Command. 3

4 Part2: Note: You may receive a prompt to save the running configuration prior to reloading the router. Respond by typing no and press Enter. System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: no Step 4: Bypass the initial configuration dialog. After the router reloads, you are prompted to enter the initial configuration dialog. Enter no and press Enter. Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no Step 5: Terminate the autoinstall program. You will be prompted to terminate the autoinstall program. Respond yes and then press Enter. Would you like to terminate autoinstall? [yes]: yes Router> Initialize the Switch and Reload Step 1: Connect to the switch. Console into the switch and enter privileged EXEC mode. Switch> enable Switch# Step 2: Determine if there have been any virtual local-area networks (VLANs) created. Use the show flash command to determine if any VLANs have been created on the switch. Switch# show flash Directory of flash:/ 2 -rwx 1919 Mar :06:33 +00:00 private-config.text 3 -rwx 1632 Mar :06:33 +00:00 config.text 4 -rwx Mar :06:33 +00:00 multiple-fs 5 -rwx Mar :37:06 +00:00 c2960-lanbasek9-mz se.bin 6 -rwx 616 Mar :07:13 +00:00 vlan.dat bytes total ( bytes free) Switch# Step 3: Delete the VLAN file. a. If the vlan.dat file was found in flash, then delete this file. Switch# delete vlan.dat Delete filename [vlan.dat]? You will be prompted to verify the file name. At this point, you can change the file name or just press Enter if you have entered the name correctly. b. When you are prompted to delete this file, press Enter to confirm the deletion. (Pressing any other key will abort the deletion.) Delete flash:/vlan.dat? [confirm] Switch# 4

5 Step 4: Erase the startup configuration file. Use the erase startup-config command to erase the startup configuration file from NVRAM. When you are prompted to remove the configuration file, press Enter to confirm the erase. (Pressing any other key will abort the operation.) Switch# erase startup-config Erasing the nvram filesystem will remove all configuration files! Continue? [confirm] [OK] Erase of nvram: complete Switch# Step 5: Reload the switch. Reload the switch to remove any old configuration information from memory. When you are prompted to reload the switch, press Enter to proceed with the reload. (Pressing any other key will abort the reload.) Switch# reload Proceed with reload? [confirm] Note: You may receive a prompt to save the running configuration prior to reloading the switch. Type no and press Enter. System configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: no Step 6: Bypass the initial configuration dialog. After the switch reloads, you should see a prompt to enter the initial configuration dialog. Type no at the prompt and press Enter. Would you like to enter the initial configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no Switch> Topology Configuring a Switch Management Address Part 1: Addressing Table Device Interface IP Address Subnet Mask S1 VLAN PC-A NIC Part 2: Objectives Part 1: Configure a Basic Network Device Part 2: Verify and Test Network Connectivity 5

6 Part 1: Configure a Basic Network Device In Part 1, you will set up the network and configure basic settings, such as hostnames, interface IP addresses, and passwords. Step 1: Cable the network. a. Cable the network as shown in the topology. b. Establish a console connection to the switch from PC-A. Step 2: Configure basic switch settings. In this step, you will configure basic switch settings, such as hostname, and configure an IP address for the SVI. Assigning an IP address on the switch is only the first step. As the network administrator, you must specify how the switch will be managed. Telnet and SSH are two of the most common management methods. However, Telnet is a very insecure protocol. All information flowing between the two devices is sent in plaintext. Passwords and other sensitive information can be easily viewed if captured by a packet sniffer. a. Assuming the switch did not have a configuration file stored in NVRAM, you will be at the user EXEC mode prompt on the switch. The prompt will be Switch>. Enter privileged EXEC mode. Switch> enable Switch# b. Use the privileged EXEC show running-config command to verify a clean configuration file. If a configuration file was previously saved, it will have to be removed. Depending on the switch model and IOS version, your configuration may look slightly different. However, there should not be any configured passwords or IP address set. If your switch does not have a default configuration, ask your instructor for help. c. Enter global configuration mode and assign the switch hostname. Switch# configure terminal Switch(config)# hostname S1 S1(config)# d. Configure the switch password access. S1(config)# enable secret class S1(config)# e. Prevent unwanted DNS lookups. S1(config)# no ip domain-lookup S1(config)# f. Configure a login MOTD banner. S1(config)# banner motd # Enter Text message. End with the character #. Unauthorized access is strictly prohibited. # g. Verify your access setting by moving between modes. S1(config)# exit S1# S1# exit Unauthorized access is strictly prohibited. S1> 6

7 IPv4 IP addressing: 32 bit Octet Total = = 192 IP address: = A B C Host part Subnet Mask: = Ones stops here Gateway: A Stops after 1 st octect Network ID Host part B Stops after 2 nd octect C Stops after 3 rd octect First Last Network ID = Broadcast ID = Classes: A = ^24-2 = 16,777,216 (valid IP addresses) B = ^16-2 = 1,048,576 (valid IP addresses) C = ^8-2 = 65,536 (valid IP addresses) D = E = is skipped used for loop back Class C Subnetting Private: Local Network only Public: Internet access Class A / Class B / Class C / Class C: /24+ IP Address: Subnet Mask: Subnetting: Split network in 2 (2^7 2 = 126) Hosts 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^ Using: (128) Block Size Network ID 1 = Broadcast ID = Network ID 2 = Broadcast ID = Using: (64) Block Size Network ID 1 = Broadcast ID = Broadcast is one less than next Network ID Network ID 2 = Broadcast ID = Network ID 3 = Broadcast ID = Network ID 4 =

8 ,024 2,048 4,096 8,192 16,384 32,768 65, , , ,288 1,048,576 2,097,151 4,194,304 8,388,608 Broadcast ID = Borrowed Bits Mask Value Subnetts Hosts CIDR /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 Block Size Requirements: 1) Create 3 sub-networks 2) Use a Class C IP address: ) Determine the Network Id and Broadcast Id of all the subnets CIDR /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32 Slash Notation = 62 Bc Network (Nw) (Ha) Usable Host address (Ha) 62 Hosts 62 Hosts.192 (Nw).63 Broadcast (Bc) Bc (Nw) Hosts 62 Hosts Usable Host addresses (Ha).128 (Nw).127 Broadcast Requirements: Find the Network Id and Broadcast Id of this IP address: /26 Create: 60 hosts and 30 hosts /1 /2 /3 /4 /5 /6 /7 /8 /9 /10 /11/12/13/14/15/16 /17/18/19/20/21/22/23/24 /25/26/27/28/29/30/31/ Host SubNet Host Range Broadcast SubNetMask Slash Notation / / / / /30 8

9 SubNet Masks: / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / / /32 Binary to Hexadecimal Simplified Method: /0111 Octet split in two 0000 = = = = = = = = = = = A (10) 1011 = B (11) 1100 = C (12) 1101 = D (13) 1110 = E (14) 1111 = F (15) Convert the following IP Address to Hexadecimal: / / / / / / / C 0 A E 1 9

10 Class C Subnetting Addresses Host Netmask Networks / / / / / / / = 6 /29 8 / 256 = 32 / Network Host Broadcast /22 1, /21 2, /20 4, /19 8, /18 16, /17 32, /16 65, = 126 / / 256 = = 14 /28 16 / 256 = Network Hosts Broadcast Network Host Broadcast = 62 /26 64 / 256 = Network Host Broadcast = 30 /27 32 / 256 = Network Host Broadcast

11 Class B Subnetting: B C Netwrk ,384 32,768 65,536 Host-2 65,536 32,768 16,384 8,192 4,096 2,048 1, CIDR /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31 /32 If IP = and I need 1,000 Networks / Subnet mask = /26 Increment by 64 up to 192, then increment by one and continue the series. Remember Network always start with 0, Host 1- always end with Host 254, Broadcast 255. Network Range Broadcast

12 Class B Subnetting (Cont.) Subnetting a Class B network you will be using the third octect; in a Class C we worked with the fouth octect. Look at this: To enable you to subnet a Class B, use the same subnet numbers for the third octect as in a Class C. You will need to add a zero (0) to the network portion and a 255 to the broadcast section in the fourth octect. A class B network address has 16 bits available for host addressing (14 bits for subnetting, 2 bits for host addressing). Example 1 Given the network address: /20 /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23 / = From the above network IP address, the mask will be which means we are using the bit value or a block size of 16. We are going to subnet it for three different networks with equal host IP addresses; remember we are working on the THIRD octect with the block size of 16. Network A Network address: First Host address: Last host address: Broadcast address: We add the bit block size again (16+16=32) to obtain the next network address which is Network B Network address: First Host address: Last host address: Broadcast address: We add the bit block size again to get the next network address (32+16=48) Network C Network address: First Host address: Last host address: Broadcast address: Same addition before for the next network. We add the bit block size again to get the next network address (48+16=64) 12

13 WAN 1 Connection from Router A to Router B Network address: Network A to B address: Network B to A address: The next network will have a 4 bits value added to the last network; (64+4=68) WAN 2 Connections from Router A to Router C Network address: Network A to C address: Network C to A address: There are different ways to subnet; you have to device a way to make it simple for yourself! Let s apply it to a Topology: Router A: RA(config)#interface fa0/0 RA(config-if)#ip address RA(config-if)#no shutdown RA(config-if)#exit RA(config)#interface se0/0/0 RA(config-if)#ip address RA(config-if)#no shutdown RA(config-if)#exit RA(config)#interface se0/0/1 RA(config-if)#ip address RA(config-if)#no shutdown RA(config-if)#exit 13

14 Router B RB#config t RB(config)#interface fa0/0 RB(config-if)#ip address RB(config-if)#no shutdown RB(config-if)#exit RB(config)#interface se0/0/0 RB(config-if)#ip address RB(config-if)#no shutdown RB(config-if)#exit Router C RC#config t RC(config)#interface fa0/0 RC(config-if)#ip address RC(config-if)#no shutdown RC(config-if)#exit RC(config)#interface se0/0/0 RC(config-if)#ip address RC(config-if)#no shutdown RC(config-if)#exit Ping from Network RA to RB networks will work. 14

15 IPv6 Address format: X:X:X:X:X:X:X:X /64 Each X = 4 Hex values (Hexa = 16bits). 48bits 16 64bits FC CE E Insert FF FE FE CE E0 IPv6 Address Types Address Type Unicast Multicast Anycast Description One to One (Global, Link local, Site local) An address destined for a single interface. One to Many An address for a set of interfaces Delivered to a group of interfaces identified by that address. Replaces IPv4 broadcast One to Nearest (Allocated from Unicast) Delivered to the closest interface as determined by the IGP A single interface may be assigned multiple IPv6 addresses of any type (unicast, anycast, multicast) An example of IPv6: 2001:0000:5723:0000:0000:D14E:DBCA:0764 There are: 8 groups of 4 hexadecimal digits. Each group represents 16 bits (4 hexa digits * 4 bit) Separator is : Hex digits are not case sensitive, so DBCA is same as dbca or DBca IPv6 (128-bit) address contains two parts: The first 64-bits is known as the prefix. The prefix includes the network and subnet address. Because addresses are allocated based on physical location, the prefix also includes global routing information. The 64-bit prefix is often referred to as the global routing prefix. The last 64-bits is the interface ID. This is the unique address assigned to an interface. 15

16 Note: Addresses are assigned to interfaces (network connections), not to the host. Each interface can have more than one IPv6 address. Rules for abbreviating IPv6 Addresses: Leading zeros in a field are optional 2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0260:3EFF:FE47:0001 can be written as 2001:DA8:E800:0:260:3EFF:FE47:1 Successive fields of 0 are represented as ::, but only once in an address: 2001:0DA8:E800:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001 -> 2001:DA8:E800::1 Other examples: FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => FF02::1 3FFE:0501:0008:0000:0260:97FF:FE40:EFAB = 3FFE:501:8:0:260:97FF:FE40:EFAB = 3FFE:501:8::260:97FF:FE40:EFAB 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 => ::1 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 => :: IPv6 Addressing In Use: IPv6 uses the / notation to denote how many bits in the IPv6 address represent the subnet. The full syntax of IPv6 is ipv6-address/prefix-length The ipv6-address is the 128-bit IPv6 address /prefix-length is a decimal value representing how many of the left most contiguous bits of the address comprise the prefix. Let s analyze an example: 2001:C:7:ABCD::1/64 is really 2001:000C:0007:ABCD:0000:0000:0000:0001/64 The first 64-bits 2001:000C:0007:ABCD is the address prefix The last 64-bits 0000:0000:0000:0001 is the interface ID /64 is the prefix length (/64 is well-known and also the prefix length in most cases) The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) is responsible for the assignment of IPv6 addresses. ICANN assigns a range of IP addresses to Regional Internet Registry (RIR) organizations. The size of address range assigned to the RIR may vary but with a minimum prefix of /12 and belong to the following range: 2000::/12 to 200F:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF::/64. Each ISP receives a /32 and provides a /48 for each site-> every ISP can provide 2 (48-32) = 65,536 site addresses (note: each network organized by a single entity is often called a site). Each site provides /64 for each LAN -> each site can provide 2 (64-48) = 65,536 LAN addresses for use in their private networks. 16

17 So each LAN can provide 2 64 interface addresses for hosts. Global routing information is identified within the first 64-bit prefix. Note: The number that represents a range of addresses is called a prefix. An example of IPv6 prefix: 2001:0A3C:5437:ABCD::/64: In this example, the RIR has been assigned a 12-bit prefix. The ISP has been assigned a 32-bit prefix and the site is assigned a 48-bit site ID. The next 16-bit is the subnet field and it can allow 2 16, or subnets. This number is redundant for largest corporations on the world! The 64-bit left (which is not shown the above example) is the Interface ID or host part and it is much bigger: 64 bits or 2 64 hosts per subnet! For example, from the prefix 2001:0A3C:5437:ABCD::/64 an administrator can assign an IPv6 address 2001:0A3C:5437:ABCD:218:34EF:AD34:98D to a host. 17

18 IPv6 Address Scopes Address types have well-defined destination scopes: IPv6 Address Scopes Description Link-local address Only used for communications within the local subnetwork (automatic address configuration, neighbor discovery, router discovery, and by many routing protocols). It is only valid on the current subnet. Routers do not forward packets with link-local addresses. Allocated with the FE80::/64 prefix -> can be easily recognized by the prefix FE80. Some books indicate the range of link-local address is FE80::/10, meaning the first 10 bits are fixed and link-local address can begin with FE80, FE90,FEA0 and FEB0 but in fact the next 54 bits are all 0s so you will only see the prefix FE80 for link-local address. Same as x.x in IPv4, it is assigned when a DHCP server is unavailable and no static addresses have been assigned Is usually created dynamically using a link-local prefix of FE80::/10 and a 64-bit interface identifier (based on 48-bit MAC address). Global unicast address Unicast packets sent through the public Internet Globally unique throughout the Internet Starts with a 2000::/3 prefix (this means any address beginning with 2 or 3). But in the future global unicast address might not have this limitation Site-local address Allows devices in the same organization, or site, to exchange data. Starts with the prefix FEC0::/10. They are analogous to IPv4 s private address classes. Maybe you will be surprised because Site-local addresses are no longer supported (deprecated) by RFC 3879 so maybe you will not see it in the future. All nodes must have at least one link-local address, although each interface can have multiple addresses. However, using them would also mean that NAT would be required and addresses would again not be end-toend. Site-local addresses are no longer supported (deprecated) by RFC

19 Special IPv6 Addresses Reserved Multicast Address Description FF02::1 All nodes on a link (link-local scope). FF02::2 All routers on a link FF02::5 OSPFv3 All SPF routers FF02::6 OSPFv3 All DR routers FF02::9 All routing information protocol (RIP) routers on a link FF02::A EIGRP routers FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx All solicited-node multicast addresses used for host auto-configuration and neighbor discovery (similar to ARP in IPv4) The xx:xxxx is the far right 24 bits of the corresponding unicast or anycast address of the node FF05::101 All Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers Reserved IPv6 Multicast Addresses Reserved Multicast Address Description FF02::1 All nodes on a link (link-local scope). FF02::2 All routers on a link FF02::9 All routing information protocol (RIP) routers on a link FF02::1:FFxx:xxxx All solicited-node multicast addresses used for host auto-configuration and neighbor discovery (similar to ARP in IPv4) The xx:xxxx is the far right 24 bits of the corresponding unicast or anycast address of the node FF05::101 All Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers Use this link to view an excellent IPv6 demonstration using - Cisco Packet Tracer: How to Route IPv6 Basics with Packet Tracer ipv6 Part 1 through 3 especially for CCNAs Part 1 of 3 Part 2 of 3 Part 3 of 3 19

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