OSI Layers (Open System Interconnection)
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1 OSI Layers (Open System Interconnection)
2 What is a Network? A network refers to two or more connected computers that can share resources such as data, a printer, an Internet connection, applications, or a combination of these resources. There are N numbers of users who use computer network and are located over the world. So to ensure, national and worldwide data communication, systems must be developed which are compatible to communicate with each other.
3 OSI Model OSI stands for Open Systems Interconnection Created by International Standards Organization Was created as a framework and reference model to explain how different networking technologies work together and interact Is not a standard that networking protocols must follow
4 OSI Layer Each layer has specific functions it is responsible for All layers work together in the correct order to move data around a network Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical
5 Physical Layer It activates, maintains and deactivates the physical connection. It is responsible for transmission and reception of the unstructured raw data over network. Voltages and data rates needed for transmission is defined in the physical layer. It converts the digital/analog bits into electrical signal or optical signals. Data encoding is also done in this layer.
6 Data Link Layer Data link layer synchronizes the information which is to be transmitted over the physical layer. The main function of this layer is to make sure data transfer is error free from one node to another, over the physical layer. Transmitting and receiving data frames sequentially is managed by this layer. This layer sends and expects acknowledgements for frames received and sent respectively. Resending of nonacknowledgement received frames is also handled by this layer. This layer establishes a logical layer between two nodes and also manages the Frame traffic control over the network. It signals the transmitting node to stop, when the frame buffers are full.
7 Network Layer It routes the signal through different channels from one node to other. It acts as a network controller. It manages the Subnet traffic. It decides by which route data should take. It divides the outgoing messages into packets and assembles the incoming packets into messages for higher levels.
8 Transport Layer The transport layer ensures that messages are delivered error-free, in sequence, and with no losses or duplications. Functions such as Multiplexing, Segmenting or Splitting on the data are done by this layer It receives messages from the Session layer above it, convert the message into smaller units and passes it on to the Network layer.
9 Session Layer The session layer allows session establishment between processes running on different stations. Session establishment, maintenance and termination: allows two application processes on different machines to establish, use and terminate a connection, called a session. Transfer of data from source to destination session layer streams of data are marked and are resynchronized properly, so that the ends of the messages are not cut prematurely and data loss is avoided.
10 Presentation Layer The presentation layer formats the data to be presented to the application layer. Presentation layer takes care that the data is sent in such a way that the receiver will understand the information (data) and will be able to use the data. While receiving the data, presentation layer transforms the data to be ready for the application layer. Languages(syntax) can be different of the two communicating systems. Under this condition presentation layer plays a role of translator. It performs Data compression, Data encryption, Data conversion etc.
11 Application Layer The application layer serves as the window for users and application processes to access network services. Transferring of files disturbing the results to the user, Mail services, directory services, network resource etc. are services provided by application layer. This layer mainly holds application programs to act upon the received and to be sent data.
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