Overview of TCP/IP Overview of TCP/IP protocol: TCP/IP architectural models TCP protocol layers.
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1 Overview of TCP/IP 3 Overview of TCP/IP protocol: TCP/IP architectural models TCP protocol layers. 4 2
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10 21 Why TCP/IP? Packet based Provides decentralized control Devices are peers Its routable Independent of transmission medium Open standard Free Robust Flexible Pragmatic 11
11 TPC/IP Review Ideally, a secure network architecture is designed before any systems are in place. TPC/IP review: Internet is made up of a wide variety of computers, from supercomputers to personal computers. Each of these computers has its type of software and application running. How do all of these computers understand each other and work together? There are a set of rules to govern communications so each computer understand how to act and how to interpret the actions of the other computers. TCP/IP architectural models TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules, each of which provides a specific functionality. The layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite contain relatively independent protocols. The term hierarchical means that each upper-level protocol is supported by one or more lower-level protocols. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 24 12
12 OSI models 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 25 TCP/IP Architectural Models 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 26 13
13 TCP protocol layers Physical Layer The physical network layer specifies the characteristics of the hardware to be used for the network. For example, it specifies the physical characteristics of the communications media Data Link Layer The data-link layer identifies the network protocol type of the packet, in this case TCP/IP. It also provides error control and "framing." No specific protocol is defined at this layer, rather, TCP/IP model supports all the standard and proprietary protocols. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 27 Data Link Layer IEEE views the OSI Data Link Layer as 2 layers Media Access Control (MAC) Sublayer Translates generic network requests into device specific terms Logical Link Control (LLC) Sublayer Provides the operating system link to the device driver 14
14 Media Access Control This is the actual device driver that controls the NIC Reporting of and setting of device status Packaging of outgoing data from the LLC layer Sending of outgoing data Receiving of incoming data Unpacking of incoming data, error checking and passing data to LLC layer MAC addresses are burned into the NIC and should be globally unique (by OEM agreement) But they are of local scope to the LAN, LAN protocols like ethernetand token ring have no provisions to pass data from one LAN to another; so a LAN should always see unique MAC addresses TCP protocol layers Network layer (internetwork layer) TCP/IP at this layer supports the Internetworking Protocol (IP) There are also some other protocols that support data movement in this layer. Including: ARP, RARP, ICMP, and IGMP. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 30 15
15 TCP protocol layers: Protocols at the network layer Internetworking Protocol (IP) Most important protocol of the TCP/IP network stack! Implements internetworking. IP is an unreliable and connectionless protocol- a best-effort delivery. It is host-to-host protocol. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 31 TCP protocol layers: Protocols at the network layer Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) It is used to find the physical address (NIC) of the node after its Network address is known. Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) It is used to find the Internet address of the node after its physical address is known. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 32 16
16 TCP protocol layers: Protocols at the network layer Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) It is used by hosts and gateways to send notification of datagrams ( packets) problem back to the sender. Internet Group Message Protocol (IGMP) It is used to facilitate the simultaneous transmission of messages to a group of recipients. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 33 Transport Layer TCP protocol layers In this layer, the protocol is responsible for delivery of message from a process to another process. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 34 17
17 TCP protocol layers: Protocols at the Transport layer User Datagram Protocol (UDP) It adds port addresses, checksum error control, and length information to the data from the upper layer. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) It is reliable and connection-oriented. Stream Control Transmission Protocol (STCP) It supports the newer application e.g. voice over the Internet. It combine best features of UDP and TCP. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 35 TCP protocol layers Application Layer The application layer in TCP/IP is equivalent to the combined session, presentation, and application. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 36 18
18 TPC/IP Review When transferring information across a network, TCP breaks information into small pieces (packets). Each packet is sent separately. TCP has support to detect errors, and lost of data. IP handles carrying TCP packets from one computer to the other one based on 4 bytes (destination IP address). Each computer is uniquely identified by a specific IP address. When a client requests a service from a server, it builds a TCP connection with the server. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 37 TPC/IP Review TCP connection includes : connection establishment Data exchange Connection termination A port number is used to distinguish various services. A Port is a way to identify a specific service on a computer in a network. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 38 19
19 TPC/IP Review 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 39 TPC/IP Review Port 80 is used by HTTP (send and retrieve web pages). Port numbers are specified by a 16 bits and enumerated from 0 to End to End communication can be identified by: IP address source, source Port, IP address destination, destination Port. Basic connection: Client browser finds first an unused dynamic port) 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 40 20
20 TPC/IP Review 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 41 TPC/IP Review A client program A (IP ) wants to open a connection with a server B (IP ) for web service (on port 80). A begins the connection attempt by dynamically openning a port, say A sends : : 80 Syn = 1. B receives the packet and understands that A wants to form a new connection. B sends a response for A : : 1078 Syn= 1, ACK = 1 A informs B that the response has been received : : 80 Syn =0 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 42 21
21 Security Principles Security principles: 1 Least privilege: States that a user should have only the privileges needed to do his job. Least privilege is enforced using a network device, such as a router with an access control list (ACL) which tells a computer operating system which access rights each user has to a particular object. 2 Layered security: Is the concept that security functions should happen at multiple layers. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 43 Security Principles Physical layer: traditional security measures such as cameras, walls are used to present unauthorized users. Data link: unused port can be disabled. We can also rely on VPN. Network layer: firewalls and ACLs restrict network access. Intrusion detection may base its decision on TCP/UDP port numbers.(transport layer) Proxies operate between the transport and the application layer. Top layers are application content inspection services (anti-virus scanners, ). 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 44 22
22 Security Principles 3- Functional segmentation: Is based on layered security and the principle of least privilege. Functional segmentation suggests a design in which the network is partitioned according to user or device function. Each segment may be further divided by academic department. Segmentation advantage is in preventing the spread of worms such as slammers. 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 45 Security Principles 7 Sep 15 Networks and Communication Department 46 23
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