WWW, REST, and Web Services

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1 WWW, REST, and Web Services Instructor: Yongjie Zheng Aprile 18, 2017 CS 5553: Software Architecture and Design

2 World Wide Web (WWW) What is the Web? What challenges does the Web have to address? 2

3 What is the Web? The Web is a collection of interrelated pieces of information. 3

4 What is the Web? The Web is a collection of computers interconnected through the Internet. 4

5 What is the Web? The Web is a collection of independently written programs which interact with each other according to rules specified in the HTTP, URI, MIME, and HTML standards. 5

6 A more complete description of the Web from the textbook. 6

7 The Web Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): a string of characters used to identify a name or a resource. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): an application protocol for distributed hypermedia systems. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML): the language for displaying web pages. A HTML document consists of tags and plain texts. 7

8 About HTTP HTTP methods GET: retrieve the information. POST: submit the information. PUT: store and replace the information. DELETE: delete the information. HTTP follows the REST architecture style 8

9 Challenges of the Web Network latency Multiple users Heterogeneous Decentralized Scalability Extensibility Change management 9

10 Question: what architectural characteristics (e.g. styles) does the Web have? 10

11 Representational State Transfer (REST) REST is an architecture style of a distributed hypermedia system - the Web. Defined and evolved by Roy Fielding from 1994 to 2000, when he was a Ph.D. student at UC Irvine. About the name:... to evoke how a well-designed Web application behaves: a network of Web pages forms a virtual state machine, allowing a user to progress through the application by selecting a link or submitting a short data-entry form, with each action resulting in a transition to the next state of the application by transferring a representation of that state to the user. - [Fielding & Taylor ] 11

12 Derivation of REST 1. Client-Server (C-S) 2. Stateless (C-S-S) 3. Cache (C-$-S-S) -- the architecture style of the old Web (before 1994). 4. Uniform Interface 5. Layered 6. Code-on-demand 12

13 Derivation of REST: a hybrid architecture style. 13

14 An Instance of REST 14

15 REST - Data Elements Resource: key information abstraction. Resource ID: URI. Representation: HTML documents (web pages), JPEG images Representation metadata: media type, last-modified time Resource metadata: information about the resource that is not specific to the supplied representation. Control data: to parameterize a request (e.g. ifmodified-since, cache-control). 15

16 Resource Any information that can be named can be a resource, such as a document, an image, or a temporal service. A resource is a conceptual mapping to a set of entities, not the entities themselves. Therefore, a URI identifies a concept rather than a document. REST Components perform actions on (e.g. manipulate) a resource by using a representation to capture the current or intended state of the resource and transferring that representation between components. 16

17 More about REST Resources Resource is the first class entity of REST. Every resource in a web application should be given a URI. Use only the standard HTTP messages -- GET,PUT, POST and DELETE -- to manipulate the resources. Web pages we see every day online are representations, not resources! 17

18 REST - Components REST components access, provide access to, or mediate access to resources. Examples of REST Components Origin server: e.g. Apache Server, Microsoft IIS. Gateway: an intermediary imposed by the network or origin server. Proxy: an intermediary selected by client. User agent: e.g. browser. 18

19 REST - Connectors REST connectors present an abstract interface for REST components to communicate. Examples of REST connectors Client: libwww, libwww-perl Server: libwww, Apache API, NSAPI Cache: browser cache, Akamai cache network Resolver: bind (DNS lookup library) Tunnel: SOCKS, SSL after HTTP CONNECT 19

20 REST Principles [RP1] The key abstraction of information is a resource,named by an URL. Any information that can be named can be a resource. [RP2] The representation of a resource is a sequence of bytes, plus representation metadata to describe those bytes. The particular form of the representation can be negotiated between REST components. 20

21 REST Principles (cont d) [RP3] All interactions are context-free. Each interaction contains all of the information necessary to understand the request, independent of any requests that may have preceded it. [RP4] Only a few primitive operations are available. Components perform only a small set of well defined methods on a resource producing a representation to capture the current or intended state of that resource and transfer that representation between components. These methods are global to the specific architectural instantiation of REST; for instance, all resources exposed via HTTP are expected to support each operation identically. 21

22 REST Principles (cont d) [RP5] Idempotent operations and representation metadata are encouraged in support of caching and representation reuse. [RP6] The presence of intermediaries is promoted. Filtering or redirection intermediaries may also use both the metadata and the representations within requests or responses to augment, restrict, or modify requests and responses in a manner that is transparent to both the user agent and the origin server. 22

23 Advantages of REST Scalable in terms of the number of clients, servers, and their interactions. Reduced interaction latency Uniformed interface Low entry-barrier Dynamic extension 23

24 Some Observations about REST Architecture of the Web is wholly separate from the code. There is no single piece of code that implements the architecture. There are multiple pieces of code that implement the various components of the architecture. Stylistic constraints of the Web s architectural style are not apparent in the code. 24

25 Mismatches of REST Cookies Using cookies means not all application state is carried in the message. Cookies break visibility: caches do not understand them. Cookies break the Back button. AJAX (e.g. Google Maps): REST s goal was to reduce server-side state load; in turn, AJAX reduces server-side computational load.... AJAX expands our notion of resources. - [Erenkrantz &Gorlick&Taylor] Web Services 25

26 Web Services Definition: A web service is a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-processable format (specifically WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Webrelated standards. [W3C] 26

27 Web Services Standards SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) WSDL (Web Service Description Language) UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration ) Advantages Platform independent Language independent Machine-to-machine communication 27

28 Diagram from [Wiki] 28

29 An example of SOAP Request over HTTP. 29

30 Web Services RESTful, resource-oriented web services: the service uses HTTP method (GET, PUT, POST, DELETE) for the method information, and exposes a URI for every piece of data that the client may want to operate on. RPC-style (traditional) web services: the service exposes only one URI (the endpoint ), and supports only one method on that URI (POST). It ignores most HTTP features. REST-RPC hybrid web services: the service embeds the method information in URI, and exposes multiple URIs. 30

31 GET /upc?value= HTTP/1.1 Host: An example of RESTful web service request. GET /upc?method=lookupupc&value= HTTP/1.1 Host: An example of hybrid-style web service request. 31

32 Web Services Storage of Storage of method scoping Examples information information RESTful, resourceoriented HTTP Method URI Static websites, Amazon s S3 web services RPC-style SOAP Envelop SOAP Envelop Traditional SOAPbased web services Web applications Hybrid URI URI created without understanding REST 32

33 More about Web Services RESTful web services HTTP is an application protocol; it doesn't send bits, it transfers representational state. If the body of a POST or PUT is not a piece of representational state, you're not doing REST. The list of HTTP methods is fixed for all resources. 33

34 More about Web Services Non-RESTful web services Treat HTTP as a transport protocol like TCP. In essence, they are building new protocols (SOAP) and tunneling them over existing application protocols (HTTP). Instead of addressing resources, Non- RESTful web services address software components. POST, POST, POST! 34

35 Web Services, Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA), and Cloud Computing 35

36 SKYPE A hybrid peer-to-peer and client server system. Stores user information in a decentralized fashion. Works across Network Address Translation (NAT) and firewalls. Guarantees to find a user if it exists and has logged in during the last 72 hours. Closed-source. 36

37 The Architecture of SKYPE Three types of nodes Login server Ordinary host Super node Each client maintains a list of super nodes. 37

38 The Architecture of SKYPE First-time Login process of a Skype client Retrieves a list of super node addresses (may be hard coded in the application). Connects to the skype network by establishing a TCP connection with a super node. Acquires the address of the login server from the connected super node. Establishes a TCP connection with the login server and does the authentication. User search process Sends the search request to a super node. The super nodes returns four nodes for the client to contact. If not found, the super node returns another eight nodes. 38

39 Insights from SKYPE Replication and distribution of the directories, in the form of super nodes, addresses the scalability problem and robustness problem. Promotion of ordinary peers to super nodes based upon network and processing capabilities addresses another aspect of system performance: not just any peer is relied upon for important services. A proprietary protocol employing encryption provides privacy for calls that are relayed through super node intermediaries. 39

40 References Richardson, Leonard, and Sam Ruby. RESTful web services. O'Reilly Media, Incorporated, Baset, S. A.; Schulzrinne, H. G.;, "An Analysis of the Skype Peer-to-Peer Internet Telephony Protocol," INFOCOM th IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. Proceedings, vol., no., pp. 1-11, April

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