Master Course Computer Networks IN2097
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1 Chair for Network Architectures and Services Prof. Carle Department for Computer Science TU München Master Course Computer Networks IN2097 Prof. Dr.-Ing. Georg Carle Christian Grothoff, Ph.D. Chair for Network Architectures and Services Institut für Informatik Technische Universität München
2 Chapter 4: Network Layer Chapter goals: understand principles behind layer services: layer service models forwarding versus routing how a router works routing (path selection) dealing with scale advanced topics: IPv6, mobility instantiation, implementation in the Internet Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 2
3 Chapter 4: Network Layer Part 1 Introduction IP: Internet Protocol Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP Part 2 IPv6 NAT and NAT Traversal Virtual circuit and datagram s What s inside a router Part 3 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing Routing in the Internet RIP OSPF BGP Broadcast and multicast routing Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 3
4 Network layer transport segment from sending to receiving host on sending side encapsulates segments into datagrams on rcving side, delivers segments to transport layer layer protocols in every host, router router examines header fields in all IP datagrams passing through it application transport data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical data link physical application transport data link physical Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 4
5 Two Key Network-Layer Functions routing: determine route taken by packets from source to dest. routing algorithms forwarding: move packets from router s input to appropriate router output analogy: routing: process of planning trip from source to dest forwarding: process of getting through single interchange Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 5
6 Interplay between routing and forwarding routing algorithm local forwarding table header value output link value in arriving packet s header Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 6
7 Datagram s no call setup at layer routers: no state about end-to-end connections no -level concept of connection packets forwarded using destination host address packets between same source-dest pair may take different paths application transport data link physical 1. Send data 2. Receive data application transport data link physical Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 7
8 Forwarding table 4 billion possible entries Destination Address Range Link Interface through through through otherwise 3 Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 8
9 Longest prefix matching Prefix Match Link Interface otherwise 3 Examples DA: Which interface? DA: Which interface? Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/2010 9
10 Chapter 4: Network Layer Part 1 Introduction IP: Internet Protocol Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP Part 2 IPv6 NAT and NAT Traversal Virtual circuit and datagram s What s inside a router Part 3 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing Routing in the Internet RIP OSPF BGP Broadcast and multicast routing Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
11 The Internet Network layer Host, router layer functions: Transport layer: TCP, UDP Network layer Routing protocols path selection RIP, OSPF, BGP forwarding table IP protocol addressing conventions datagram format packet handling conventions ICMP protocol error reporting router signaling Link layer physical layer Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
12 IP datagram format IP protocol version number header length (bytes) type of data max number remaining hops (decremented at each router) upper layer protocol to deliver payload to how much overhead with TCP? 20 bytes of TCP 20 bytes of IP = 40 bytes + app layer overhead ver head. len 16-bit identifier time to live type of service upper layer 32 bits flgs length fragment offset header checksum 32 bit source IP address 32 bit destination IP address Options (if any) data (variable length, typically a TCP or UDP segment) total datagram length (bytes) for fragmentation/ reassembly E.g. timestamp, record route taken, specify list of routers to visit. Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
13 IP Fragmentation & Reassembly links have MTU (max.transfer size) - largest possible link-level frame. different link types, different MTUs large IP datagram divided ( fragmented ) within net one datagram becomes several datagrams reassembled only at final destination IP header bits used to identify, order related fragments reassembly fragmentation: in: one large datagram out: 3 smaller datagrams Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
14 IP Fragmentation and Reassembly Example 4000 byte datagram MTU = 1500 bytes length =4000 ID =x fragflag =0 offset =0 One large datagram becomes several smaller datagrams 1480 bytes in data field offset = 1480/8 length =1500 length =1500 length =1040 ID =x ID =x ID =x fragflag =1 fragflag =1 fragflag =0 offset =0 offset =185 offset =370 Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
15 Chapter 4: Network Layer Part 1 Introduction IP: Internet Protocol Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP Part 2 IPv6 NAT and NAT Traversal Virtual circuit and datagram s What s inside a router Part 3 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing Routing in the Internet RIP OSPF BGP Broadcast and multicast routing Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
16 IP Addressing: introduction IP address: 32-bit identifier for host, router interface interface: connection between host/router and physical link router s typically have multiple interfaces host typically has one interface IP addresses associated with each interface = Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
17 Subnets IP address: subnet part (high order bits) host part (low order bits) What s a subnet? device interfaces with same subnet part of IP address can physically reach each other without intervening router subnet consisting of 3 subnets Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
18 Subnets Recipe To determine the subnets, detach each interface from its host or router, creating islands of isolated s. Each isolated is called a subnet / / /24 Subnet mask: /24 Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
19 Subnets How many? Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
20 IP addressing: CIDR CIDR: Classless InterDomain Routing subnet portion of address of arbitrary length address format: a.b.c.d/x, where x is # bits in subnet portion of address subnet part /23 host part Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
21 IP addresses: how to get one? Q: How does a host get IP address? hard-coded by system admin in a file Windows: control-panel->->configuration->tcp/ip- >properties UNIX: /etc/rc.config DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: dynamically get address from as server plug-and-play Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
22 DHCP: Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Goal: allow host to dynamically obtain its IP address from server when it joins Can renew its lease on address in use Allows reuse of addresses (only hold address while connected an on ) Support for mobile users who want to join (more shortly) DHCP overview: host broadcasts DHCP discover msg DHCP server responds with DHCP offer msg host requests IP address: DHCP request msg DHCP server sends address: DHCP ack msg Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
23 DHCP client-server scenario A DHCP server B E arriving DHCP client needs address in this Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
24 DHCP client-server scenario DHCP server: DHCP discover src : , 68 dest.: ,67 yiaddr: transaction ID: 654 arriving client time DHCP request DHCP offer src: , 68 dest:: , 67 yiaddrr: transaction ID: 655 Lifetime: 3600 secs src: , 67 dest: , 68 yiaddrr: transaction ID: 654 Lifetime: 3600 secs DHCP ACK src: , 67 dest: , 68 yiaddrr: transaction ID: 655 Lifetime: 3600 secs Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
25 IP addresses: how to get one? Q: How does get subnet part of IP addr? A: gets allocated portion of its provider ISP s address space ISP's block /20 Organization /23 Organization /23 Organization / Organization /23 Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
26 Hierarchical addressing: route aggregation Hierarchical addressing allows efficient advertisement of routing information: Organization /23 Organization /23 Organization /23 Organization Fly-By-Night-ISP Send me anything with addresses beginning /20 Internet /23 ISPs-R-Us Send me anything with addresses beginning /16 Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
27 Hierarchical addressing: more specific routes ISPs-R-Us has a more specific route to Organization 1 Organization /23 Organization /23 Organization /23 Organization / Fly-By-Night-ISP ISPs-R-Us Send me anything with addresses beginning /20 Send me anything with addresses beginning /16 or /23 Internet Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
28 IP addressing: the last word... Q: How does an ISP get block of addresses? A: ICANN: Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers allocates addresses manages DNS assigns domain names, resolves disputes Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
29 Chapter 4: Network Layer Part 1 Introduction IP: Internet Protocol Datagram format IPv4 addressing ICMP Part 2 IPv6 NAT and NAT Traversal Virtual circuit and datagram s What s inside a router Part 3 Routing algorithms Link state Distance Vector Hierarchical routing Routing in the Internet RIP OSPF BGP Broadcast and multicast routing Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
30 ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol used by hosts & routers to communicate -level information error reporting: unreachable host,, port, protocol echo request/reply (used by ping) -layer above IP: ICMP msgs carried in IP datagrams ICMP message: type, code plus first 8 bytes of IP datagram causing error Type Code description 0 0 echo reply (ping) 3 0 dest. unreachable 3 1 dest host unreachable 3 2 dest protocol unreachable 3 3 dest port unreachable 3 6 dest unknown 3 7 dest host unknown 4 0 source quench (congestion control - not used) 8 0 echo request (ping) 9 0 route advertisement 10 0 router discovery 11 0 TTL expired 12 0 bad IP header Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
31 Traceroute and ICMP Source sends series of UDP segments to dest First has TTL =1 Second has TTL=2, etc. Unlikely port number When nth datagram arrives to nth router: Router discards datagram And sends to source an ICMP message (type 11, code 0) Message includes name of router& IP address When ICMP message arrives, source calculates RTT Traceroute does this 3 times Stopping criterion UDP segment eventually arrives at destination host Destination returns ICMP host unreachable packet (type 3, code 3) When source gets this ICMP, stops. Network IN Master Security, Course WS 2008/09, Computer Chapter Networks, 9 WS 2009/
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