Interconnecting Networks with TCP/IP. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1
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1 Interconnecting Networks with TCP/IP 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1
2 Objectives Upon completion of this chapter you will be able to perform the following tasks: Identify the IP protocol stack, its protocol layer functions, and commonly used IP protocols Identify IP address classes, IP addresses, IP subnet masks, IP network numbers, subnet numbers, and possible host numbers. Configure IP addresses and subnet masks on a router interface and optionally configure a host table. Interconnect the VLANs with a layer three device such as a router on a stick. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-2
3 Introduction to TCP/IP Host Host Internet TCP/IP Early protocol suite Universal 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-3
4 TCP/IP Protocol Stack 7 Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-4
5 Application Layer Overview Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical File Transfer - TFTP * - FTP * - NFS - SMTP Remote Login - Telnet * - rlogin * Network Management - SNMP * Name Management - DNS* *Used by the router 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-5
6 Transport Layer Overview Application Transport Internet Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Connection- Oriented Connectionless Data Link Physical 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-6
7 Transmission control protocol Transmission control protocol Services: Resource Utilization (multiplexing) Connection Management (establishing) Flow Control (Buffering / Windowing) Reliable Transport (positive acknowledgment / error checking) 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-7
8 Connection Management The Transport Layer is responsible for establishing, maintaining and terminating connections between devices on a network. This Connection-Oriented Service has three phases: Connection-Establishment Data-Transfer Connection Termination 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-8
9 Connection-Establishment Phase 1 - Connection-Establishment: The source and destination negotiate a connection with a three-way handshake and a simple path between the two is determined. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-9
10 Connection-Establishment Phase 2 - Data-Transfer: Data is transmitted along the designated path of the network, arriving at the destination in the order it was sent. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-10
11 Connection-Establishment Phase 3 - Connection-Termination: The connection between the source and the destination is terminated when it is no longer needed. If they require additional communications after termination, another connection must be established. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-11
12 TCP Port Numbers Source Port Dest. Port Telnet Z Host A Host Z SP DP Dest. port = 23. Send packet to my Telnet application. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-12
13 TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection Host A Host B 1 Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=syn) SYN received 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-13
14 TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection Host A Host B 1 Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=syn) SYN received SYN received Send SYN, ACK (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack) , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-14
15 TCP Three Way Handshake/Open Connection Host A Host B 1 3 Send SYN (seq=100 ctl=syn) SYN received Established (seq=101 ack=301 ctl=ack) SYN received Send SYN, ACK (seq=300 ack=101 ctl=syn,ack) , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-15
16 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Receiver Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-16
17 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Send 1 Receiver Receive 1 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-17
18 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Send 1 Receive ACK 2 Receiver Receive 1 Send ACK 2 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-18
19 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Send 1 Receive ACK 2 Send 2 Receiver Receive 1 Send ACK 2 Receive 2 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-19
20 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Send 1 Receive ACK 2 Send 2 Receive ACK 3 Receiver Receive 1 Send ACK 2 Receive 2 Send ACK 3 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-20
21 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Send 1 Receive ACK 2 Send 2 Receive ACK 3 Send 3 Receiver Receive 1 Send ACK 2 Receive 2 Send ACK 3 Receive 3 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-21
22 TCP Simple Acknowledgment Sender Send 1 Receive ACK 2 Send 2 Receive ACK 3 Send 3 Receive ACK 4 Receiver Receive 1 Send ACK 2 Receive 2 Send ACK 3 Receive 3 Send ACK 4 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-22
23 TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement # I just sent #10. Source Dest. Seq. Ack , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-23
24 TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement # I just sent #10. I just got #10, now I need #11. Source Dest Seq. 10 Ack. 1 Source Dest Seq. 1 Ack , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-24
25 TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement # I just sent #11. I just got #10, now I need #11. Source Dest Source Dest Seq. 10 Seq. 11 Ack. 1 Ack. 2 Source Dest Seq. 1 Ack , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-25
26 TCP Sequence and Acknowledgment Numbers Source Port Dest. Port Sequence # Acknowledgement # I just sent #11. I just got #11, now I need #12. Source Dest Source Dest Seq. 10 Seq. 11 Ack. 100 Ack. 101 Source Dest Source Dest Seq. 100 Seq. 101 Ack. 11 Ack , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-26
27 TCP Windowing Sender Receiver 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-27
28 TCP Windowing Sender Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3 Receiver 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-28
29 TCP Windowing Sender Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Receiver Window size = 3 Send 3 ACK 3 Window size = 2 Packet 3 is Dropped 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-29
30 TCP Windowing Sender Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Send 2 Receiver Window size = 3 Send 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 Window size = 3 Send 4 ACK 3 Window size = 2 Packet 3 is Dropped 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-30
31 TCP Windowing Sender Window size = 3 Send 1 Window size = 3 Receiver Window size = 3 Send 2 Window size = 3 Send 3 Window size = 3 Send 3 ACK 3 Window size = 2 Packet 3 is Dropped Window size = 3 Send 4 ACK 5 Window size = , Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-31
32 udp UDP is a TCP/IP Transport Layer protocol designed for applications that provide their own error recovery process. It trades reliability for speed. UDP is simple and efficient, but not reliable. UDP is connectionless and unacknowledged. UDP depends on upper layer protocols for reliability. Although UDP is responsible for transmitting messages, no software checking for segment delivery is provided at this layer. The UDP header length is always 64 bits. Examine the field definitions of the UDP segment below by moving your mouse over each area. (View info without mouseover): 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-32
33 UDP Segment Format Bit 1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Source port (16) Destination port (16) Length (16) Checksum (16) 8 Bytes Data (if any) No sequence or acknowledgment fields 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-33
34 UDP data transferring Data is transmitted along the designated path of the network, arriving at the destination in the order it was sent. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-34
35 Internet Layer Overview Application Transport Internet Data Link Physical Internet Protocol (IP) Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) OSI network layer corresponds to the TCP/IP internet layer 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-35
36 IP Datagram Bit 1 0 Bit 15 Bit 16 Bit 31 Version (4) Header Length (4) Identification (16) Priority & Type of Service (8) Total Length (16) Flags (3) Fragment offset (13) Time to live (8) Protocol (8) Header checksum (16) Source IP Address (32) 20 Bytes Destination IP Address (32) Options (0 or 32 if any) Data (varies if any) 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-36
37 Protocol Field Transport Layer TCP UDP Internet Layer 6 IP 17 Protocol Numbers Determines destination upper-layer protocol 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-37
38 Internet Control Message Protocol Application Transport 1 ICMP Internet Data Link Destination Unreachable Echo (Ping) Other Physical 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-38
39 Address Resolution Protocol Used to resolve or map a known IP address to a MAC sublayer address to allow commnication on a multiaccess medium such as Ethernet. To determine a destination address for a datagram, the ARP cache table is checked. If the address is not in the table, ARP sends a broadcast looking for the destination station. Every station on the network receives the broadcast. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-39
40 Reverse ARP On the local segment, RARP can be used to initiate a remote operating system load sequence. ARP and RARP are implemented directly on top of the data link layer. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a modern implementation of RARP. DHCP provides a mechanism for allocating IP addresses dynamically so that addresses can be reused when hosts no longer need them. For more information on DHCP, refer to the Building Cisco Remote Access Networks (BCRAN) course. 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-40
41 Do not delete 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND v1.0a 8-41
Interconnecting Networks with TCP/IP
Chapter 8 Interconnecting s with TCP/IP 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. 8-1 Introduction to TCP/IP Internet TCP/IP Early protocol suite Universal 1999, Cisco Systems, Inc. www.cisco.com ICND 8-2 TCP/IP Protocol
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